ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Environ Res. 2021 Feb;193:110505. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110505. Epub 2020 Nov 24.
BACKGROUND: Little is known about radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF) from mobile technology and resulting dose in young people. We describe modeled integrated RF dose in European children and adolescents combining own mobile device use and surrounding sources. METHODS: Using an integrated RF model, we estimated the daily RF dose in the brain (whole-brain, cerebellum, frontal lobe, midbrain, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobes) and the whole-body in 8358 children (ages 8-12) and adolescents (ages 14-18) from the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland during 2012-2016. The integrated model estimated RF dose from near-field sources (digital enhanced communication technology (DECT) phone, mobile phone, tablet, and laptop) and far-field sources (mobile phone base stations via 3D-radiowave modeling or RF measurements). RESULTS: Adolescents were more frequent mobile phone users and experienced higher modeled RF doses in the whole-brain (median 330.4 mJ/kg/day) compared to children (median 81.8 mJ/kg/day). Children spent more time using tablets or laptops compared to adolescents, resulting in higher RF doses in the whole-body (median whole-body dose of 81.8 mJ/kg/day) compared to adolescents (41.9 mJ/kg/day). Among brain regions, temporal lobes received the highest RF dose (medians of 274.9 and 1786.5 mJ/kg/day in children and adolescents, respectively) followed by the frontal lobe. In most children and adolescents, calling on 2G networks was the main contributor to RF dose in the whole-brain (medians of 31.1 and 273.7 mJ/kg/day, respectively). CONCLUSION: This first large study of RF dose to the brain and body of children and adolescents shows that mobile phone calls on 2G networks are the main determinants of brain dose, especially in temporal and frontal lobes, whereas whole-body doses were mostly determined by tablet and laptop use. The modeling of RF doses provides valuable input to epidemiological research and to potential risk management regarding RF exposure in young people.
背景:关于移动技术产生的射频电磁场(RF)及其在年轻人中的剂量,人们知之甚少。我们描述了结合欧洲儿童和青少年自身移动设备使用和周围环境源的综合 RF 剂量模型。
方法:使用综合 RF 模型,我们在 2012-2016 年期间估计了荷兰、西班牙和瑞士 8358 名 8-12 岁儿童和 14-18 岁青少年的大脑(整个大脑、小脑、额叶、中脑、枕叶、顶叶、颞叶)和全身的每日 RF 剂量。综合模型估计了近场源(数字增强型通信技术(DECT)电话、手机、平板电脑和笔记本电脑)和远场源(通过 3D 无线电波建模或 RF 测量的移动电话基站)的 RF 剂量。
结果:青少年是更频繁的手机使用者,大脑整体(中位数 330.4 mJ/kg/天)接受的建模 RF 剂量高于儿童(中位数 81.8 mJ/kg/天)。与青少年相比,儿童花更多时间使用平板电脑或笔记本电脑,导致全身 RF 剂量更高(中位数为 81.8 mJ/kg/天),高于青少年(41.9 mJ/kg/天)。在大脑区域中,颞叶接受的 RF 剂量最高(儿童和青少年分别为中位数 274.9 和 1786.5 mJ/kg/天),其次是额叶。在大多数儿童和青少年中,使用 2G 网络进行通话是大脑整体 RF 剂量的主要贡献者(中位数分别为 31.1 和 273.7 mJ/kg/天)。
结论:这是第一项关于儿童和青少年大脑和身体 RF 剂量的大型研究,表明使用 2G 网络进行手机通话是大脑剂量的主要决定因素,尤其是在颞叶和额叶,而全身剂量主要取决于平板电脑和笔记本电脑的使用。RF 剂量的建模为流行病学研究和年轻人 RF 暴露的潜在风险管理提供了有价值的信息。
Environ Int. 2016-12-27
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015-5-22