Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Aquat Toxicol. 2020 Aug;225:105544. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105544. Epub 2020 Jun 12.
This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of chlorpyrifos on biomarkers related to neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity in two allopatric freshwater gastropod species belonging to the family Planorbidae. For this purpose, Planorbarius corneus and Biomphalaria glabrata were exposed to chlorpyrifos (active ingredient or commercial formulation) for 48 h at environmentally realistic concentrations (1 and 7.5 μg L). Basal acetylcholinesterase activity in soft tissues and hemolymph was almost one order of magnitude higher in P. corneus than in B. glabrata. However, upon chlorpyrifos exposure, statistically significant inhibition of enzymatic activity was registered in both species. Acetylcholinesterase was more sensitive to inhibition in soft tissues than in hemolymph. The highest inhibition was observed in the B. glabrata soft tissues exposed to the commercial formulation (88 % at 1 μg L and 93 % at 7.5 μg L). Hemocyte number and lysosomal membrane stability did not show significant changes with respect to controls in any of the exposed groups. Superoxide anion generation was diminished (21-46 %) in P. corneus hemocytes exposed to the active ingredient and in B. glabrata hemocytes exposed to the active ingredient or the formulation. In contrast, hemocyte phagocytic activity increased in all exposed groups. Phagocytosis was most stimulated (89 %) in hemocytes sampled from B. glabrata treated with 7.5 μg L chlorpyrifos. Altogether the results suggest that the freshwater gastropods P. corneus and B. glabrata are suitable model animals for environmental monitoring studies in the Northern Hemisphere and Latin America, respectively. Furthermore, these results add information on the relevance of testing pesticide formulations and on the usefulness of acetylcholinesterase inhibition and immunological parameters as biomarkers of the acute effects of chlorpyrifos in these species.
本研究旨在探讨两种来自圆口螺科的异地淡水腹足纲动物生物标志物的神经毒性和免疫毒性的敌百虫急性效应。为此，圆口螺和光滑滨螺分别在环境现实浓度（1 和 7.5 μg/L）下暴露于敌百虫（活性成分或商业制剂）48 小时。软组织和血淋巴中的基础乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在圆口螺中比在光滑滨螺中高几乎一个数量级。然而，在敌百虫暴露后，两种物种的酶活性均受到统计学上的显著抑制。乙酰胆碱酯酶在软组织中的抑制比在血淋巴中更敏感。在暴露于商业制剂的光滑滨螺软组织中观察到最高的抑制率（1μg/L 时为 88%，7.5μg/L 时为 93%）。在任何暴露组中，血细胞数量和溶酶体膜稳定性与对照组相比均无显著变化。在暴露于活性成分的圆口螺血细胞和暴露于活性成分或制剂的光滑滨螺血细胞中，超氧阴离子生成减少（21-46%）。相反，所有暴露组的血细胞吞噬活性均增加。暴露于 7.5μg/L 敌百虫的光滑滨螺血细胞的吞噬作用刺激最大（89%）。总之，这些结果表明，淡水腹足纲动物圆口螺和光滑滨螺分别是监测北半球和拉丁美洲环境的合适模型动物。此外，这些结果提供了有关测试农药制剂的相关性以及乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制和免疫参数作为这些物种敌百虫急性效应生物标志物的有用性的信息。
