Biomarkers in marine mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, exposed to environmentally relevant levels of the pesticides, chlorpyrifos and penoxsulam.

The present study examines the influence of environmentally relevant concentrations of two pesticides, chlorpyrifos and penoxsulam on mussel physiological status. For this reason, lysosomal membrane stability (LMS), reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, protein carbonylation (PCC) and antioxidant capacity (TAC) in hemaolymph and hemocytes of the mussels was measured. Mussels were exposed to a range of concentrations of the pesticides chlorpyrifos and penoxsulam and the response of animals to the destabilization of lysosomal membrane in hemocytes (LMS) was studied. Subsequently, the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) for both pesticides was calculated. The animals were subsequently exposed for 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 15 and 30 days to 10 times less concentration than EC50 of each pesticide (0.05 μg/l) and changes in LMS, ROS, DNA damage, protein carbonylation and antioxidant capacity of mussels was evaluated. Our results showed a significant change in the response of mussels for all parameters tested after 30 days exposure, in relation to the controls. The pesticides at the environmental concentrations used induced changes to the animal physiology through causing oxidative stress and lysosomal abnormalities and their usage in the agriculture demands great care. In addition, the results show that ROS, DNA damage, protein carbonylation and antioxidant capacity could constitute, after further investigation, reliable biomarkers for the evaluation of pollution or other environmental stressors.