Zosky Joshua E, Vickery Timothy J, Walter Kerri A, Dodd Michael D
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J Vis. 2020 Jun 3;20(6):16. doi: 10.1167/jov.20.6.16.
Object-based warping is a powerful visual illusion wherein space between features within figural regions is regularly overestimated compared with those within ground regions. Originally, the effect was only examined in displays of two-dimensional (2D) stimuli. The present study sought to examine whether object-based warping persists in more naturalistic viewing conditions, where additional contextual cues are present. Stimuli were presented with either three-dimensional (3D) printed objects (Experiment 1) or 3D objects in virtual reality (Experiments 2-4). The testing metric was actual distance of features (dots) compared with estimated distances made by participants. Responses for the 3D printed stimuli were measured with replica dots on a slide ruler device. The virtual reality experiments collected responses either with a computer mouse or motion-tracked controller and included manipulations of object type, spatial separation, viewing distance of stimuli, and head motion. A standard warping effect in 3D was observed in all experiments, although the effect was not present in one condition that elicits warping in 2D (Occluded Rectangle). The final experiment resolves this discrepancy by reducing the multicomponent object (Occluded Rectangle) to a single component figure, while demonstrating the influence of depth cues on the warping effect under occlusion. Collectively, these experiments reveal that object-based warping is a powerful effect, even in naturalistic settings.
基于对象的变形是一种强大的视觉错觉，其中与背景区域内的特征之间的空间相比，图形区域内特征之间的空间经常被高估。最初，这种效应仅在二维（2D）刺激显示中进行研究。本研究旨在检验在存在额外背景线索的更自然观察条件下，基于对象的变形是否仍然存在。刺激物以三维（3D）打印物体（实验1）或虚拟现实中的3D物体（实验2 - 4）呈现。测试指标是特征（点）的实际距离与参与者估计的距离相比较。对于3D打印刺激物的反应是通过在滑动标尺装置上的复制点来测量的。虚拟现实实验通过计算机鼠标或运动跟踪控制器收集反应，并包括对物体类型、空间分离、刺激物的观察距离和头部运动的操纵。在所有实验中都观察到了3D中的标准变形效应，尽管在一种在2D中引发变形的条件（遮挡矩形）下该效应不存在。最后一个实验通过将多组件物体（遮挡矩形）简化为单个组件图形来解决这一差异，同时展示了深度线索在遮挡下对变形效应的影响。总的来说，这些实验表明，即使在自然环境中，基于对象的变形也是一种强大的效应。
