Biryukova Elena, Sirotkina Irina
Laboratory of Mathematical Neurobiology of Learning of Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Research Institute of Translational Medicine, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Front Neurosci. 2020 Jun 3;14:553. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00553. eCollection 2020.
The paper attempts to demonstrate that the "old-school" approach in motor control studies suggested over a century ago by I. M. Sechenov (1866/1968, 1901) and, later, N. A. Bernstein (1923, 1929, 1940, 1961) remains valid and relevant. Their methodology was to study the motor "periphery" in order to determine "central" mechanisms of motor control. The approach, which can be termed "bottom-up," is contrasted with the "top-down" methodology of first making models of brain control and then investigating the functioning of muscles and joint torques. The earlier progress in motor control studies was, to a great extent, due to the fact that Bernstein developed procedures to register multiple degrees of freedom and thus to analyze in detail the structure of natural movement. The analysis of multi-joint goal-directed movement , in its own right, could be the starting point for productive studies of both muscular system functioning and its central control by the nervous system. The article reports on how, in some of his less well known works, Bernstein analyzed complex multi-joint movements. The article's main focus is on movements of the arm as a model example of multi-joint goal-directed movements. It reviews a body of research that follows the "bottom-up" tradition by summarizing contemporary research on two contrasting cases: (1) of a highly coordinated motor skill, as achieved in musical performance or in a precise stroke; and (2) of pathological arm movement in post-stroke neurological patients who have lost capacity as a result of damage to the central nervous system. The paper demonstrates the need for inclusive analyses of all existing degrees of freedom of the moving arm. In the first case, this is important in order to identify some features of learning skills. In the second case, it is important in order to adequately assess the restoration of movements in the process of rehabilitation. The paper concludes by arguing that the "bottom-up" approach in studying the nervous control of complex movements possess a heuristic potential that has not been exhausted.
本文试图证明，一个多世纪前由I. M. 谢切诺夫（1866/1968，1901）以及后来的N. A. 伯恩斯坦（1923，1929，1940，1961）提出的运动控制研究中的“传统学派”方法仍然有效且具有相关性。他们的方法是研究运动“外周”以确定运动控制的“中枢”机制。这种可称为“自下而上”的方法与“自上而下”的方法形成对比，后者是先建立大脑控制模型，然后研究肌肉和关节扭矩的功能。运动控制研究的早期进展在很大程度上归功于伯恩斯坦开发了记录多个自由度的程序，从而能够详细分析自然运动的结构。对多关节目标导向运动本身的分析可能是对肌肉系统功能及其由神经系统进行的中枢控制进行富有成效研究的起点。本文报道了伯恩斯坦在他一些不太知名的著作中是如何分析复杂多关节运动的。文章的主要焦点是作为多关节目标导向运动模型示例的手臂运动。它通过总结关于两个对比案例的当代研究来回顾遵循“自下而上”传统的一系列研究：（1）在音乐表演或精确击球中实现的高度协调的运动技能；（2）中风后神经患者因中枢神经系统受损而失去能力的病理性手臂运动。本文证明了对运动手臂的所有现有自由度进行全面分析的必要性。在第一种情况下，这对于识别学习技能的一些特征很重要。在第二种情况下，这对于在康复过程中充分评估运动恢复情况很重要。本文最后指出，在研究复杂运动的神经控制中，“自下而上”的方法具有尚未被耗尽的启发潜力。
