Processing DNA-Based Molecular Signals into Graphical Displays.

DNA is now well-established as a nanoscale building material with applications in fields such as biosensing and molecular computation. Molecular processes such as logic gates, nucleic acid circuits, and multiplexed detection have used different readout strategies to measure the output signal. In biosensing, this output can be the diagnosis of a disease biomarker, whereas in molecular computation, the output can be the result of a mathematical operation carried out using DNA. Recent developments have shown that the output of such processes can be displayed graphically as a macroscopic symbol or an alphanumeric character on multiwell plates, microarray chips, gels, lateral flow devices, and DNA origami surfaces. This review discusses the concepts behind such graphical readouts of molecular events, available display platforms, and the advantages and challenges in adapting such methods for practical use. Graphical display systems have the potential to be used in the creation of intelligent computing and sensing devices by which nanoscale binding events are translated into macroscopic visual readouts.