“仪式”的成分及其认知基础。
Ingredients of 'rituals' and their cognitive underpinnings.
机构信息
Departments of Psychology and Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MI, USA.
Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
出版信息
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2020 Aug 17;375(1805):20190439. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0439. Epub 2020 Jul 29.
Ritual is not a proper scientific object, as the term is used to denote disparate forms of behaviour, on the basis of a faint family resemblance. Indeed, a variety of distinct cognitive mechanisms are engaged, in various combinations, in the diverse interactions called 'rituals' - and each of these mechanisms deserves study, in terms of its evolutionary underpinnings and cultural consequences. We identify four such mechanisms that each appear in some 'rituals', namely (i) the normative scripting of actions; (ii) the use of interactions to signal coalitional identity, affiliation, cohesiveness; (iii) magical claims based on intuitive expectations of contagion; and (iv) ritualized behaviour based on a specific handling of the flow of behaviour. We describe the cognitive and evolutionary background to each of these potential components of 'rituals', and their effects on cultural transmission. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours'.
仪式不是一个合适的科学对象，因为这个术语被用来表示不同形式的行为，其基础是微弱的家族相似性。事实上，各种不同的认知机制以不同的组合参与到被称为“仪式”的各种互动中——而这些机制中的每一个都值得研究，以了解其进化基础和文化后果。我们确定了四种这样的机制，它们都出现在某些“仪式”中，即：（i）行为的规范脚本化；（ii）互动用于信号结盟身份、从属关系、凝聚力；（iii）基于传染的直观预期的神奇主张；以及（iv）基于对行为流的特定处理的仪式化行为。我们描述了这些“仪式”的潜在组成部分中的每一个的认知和进化背景，以及它们对文化传播的影响。本文是主题为“仪式复兴：对最具人类行为的新见解”的一部分。
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