Dagnall Neil, Drinkwater Kenneth G, O'Keeffe Ciarán, Ventola Annalisa, Laythe Brian, Jawer Michael A, Massullo Brandon, Caputo Giovanni B, Houran James
Department of Psychology, Manchester Campus, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
School of Human & Social Sciences, Buckinghamshire New University, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom.
Front Psychol. 2020 Jun 12;11:1328. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01328. eCollection 2020.
This paper contains a narrative overview of the past 20-years of environmental research on anomalous experiences attributed to "haunted house." This exercise served as a much-needed update to an anthology of noteworthy overviews on ghosts, haunts, and poltergeists (Houran and Lange, 2001b). We also considered whether new studies had incorporated certain recommendations made in this anthology. Our search revealed a relative paucity of studies ( = 66) on environmental factors that ostensibly stimulate haunt-type experiences. This literature was diverse and often lacked methodological consistency and adherence to the prior suggestions. However, critical consideration of the content revealed a recurring focus on six ambient variables: embedded (static) cues, lighting levels, air quality, temperature, infrasound, and electromagnetic fields. Their relation to the onset or structure of witness reports showed mostly null, though sometimes inconsistent or weak outcomes. However, such research as related to haunts is arguably in its infancy and new designs are needed to account better for environmental and architectural phenomenology. Future studies should therefore address four areas: (i) more consistent and precise measurements of discrete ambient variables; (ii) the potential role of "Gestalt influences" that involve holistic environment-person interactions; (iii) individual differences in attentional or perceptual sensitivities of percipients to environmental variables; and (iv) the role of attitudinal and normative influences in the interpretation of environmental stimuli. Focused scrutiny on these issues should clarify the explanatory power of evolutionary-environmental models for these and related anomalous experiences.
本文对过去20年有关“鬼屋”所致异常体验的环境研究进行了叙述性综述。此次梳理为一部关于鬼魂、闹鬼及吵闹鬼的重要综述文集（胡兰和兰格，2001b）提供了急需的更新内容。我们还考量了新研究是否纳入了该文集中提出的某些建议。我们的检索发现，关于表面上引发闹鬼类体验的环境因素的研究相对较少（=66项）。这些文献内容多样，且往往缺乏方法上的一致性，也未遵循先前的建议。然而，对其内容的批判性审视揭示出一个反复出现的关注点，即六个环境变量：嵌入式（静态）线索、光照水平、空气质量、温度、次声和电磁场。它们与目击者报告的起始或结构之间的关系大多显示为无关联，不过有时结果不一致或很微弱。然而，与闹鬼相关的此类研究可以说尚处于起步阶段，需要新的设计来更好地解释环境和建筑现象学。因此，未来的研究应关注四个领域：（i）对离散环境变量进行更一致、精确的测量；（ii）“格式塔影响”的潜在作用，即涉及整体环境与个人的相互作用；（iii）感知者对环境变量的注意力或感知敏感度的个体差异；（iv）态度和规范影响在环境刺激解释中的作用。对这些问题进行重点审视应能阐明进化 - 环境模型对这些及相关异常体验的解释力。
