Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1250:97-108. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-3262-7_7.
The clinical need for effective bone regeneration remains in huge demands. Although autologous and allogeneic bone grafts are generally considered "gold standard" treatments for bone defects, these approaches may result in various complications. Furthermore, safety considerations of gene- and cell-based therapies require further clarification and approval from regulatory authorities. Therefore, developing new therapeutic biomaterials that can empower endogenous regenerative properties to accelerate bone repair and regeneration is of great significance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise a heterogeneous population of naturally derived nanoparticles that play a critical role in mediating cell-cell communication. The vast amount of biological processes that EVs are involved in, such as immune modulation, senescence, and angiogenesis, and the versatility of manner in which they can influence the behavior of recipient cells make EVs an interesting source for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Advancement of knowledge in the fields of immunology and cell biology has sparked the exploration of the potential of EVs in the field of regenerative medicine. EVs travel between cells and deliver functional cargoes, such as proteins and RNAs, thereby regulating the recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation of recipient cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the pivotal role of EVs in tissue regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. In this chapter, we will outline current knowledge surrounding EVs, summarize their functional roles in bone regenerative medicine, and elaborate on potential application and challenges of EV-integrated biomaterials in bone tissue engineering.
临床对有效骨再生的需求仍然很大。虽然自体和同种异体骨移植物通常被认为是骨缺损的“金标准”治疗方法，但这些方法可能会导致各种并发症。此外，基因和细胞治疗的安全性考虑需要监管机构进一步澄清和批准。因此，开发新的治疗性生物材料，能够增强内源性再生特性，加速骨修复和再生，具有重要意义。细胞外囊泡（EVs）是一类异质性的天然来源纳米颗粒，在介导细胞间通讯中起着关键作用。EVs 参与了大量的生物学过程，如免疫调节、衰老和血管生成，并且它们可以通过多种方式影响受体细胞的行为，这使得 EVs 成为诊断和治疗应用的一个有趣来源。免疫学和细胞生物学领域知识的进步激发了人们对 EVs 在再生医学领域的潜在应用的探索。EVs 在细胞之间传递功能性货物，如蛋白质和 RNA，从而调节受体细胞的募集、增殖和分化。许多研究已经证明了 EVs 在体外和体内组织再生中的关键作用。在本章中，我们将概述围绕 EVs 的现有知识，总结它们在骨再生医学中的功能作用，并详细阐述 EV 整合生物材料在骨组织工程中的潜在应用和挑战。
