School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Alhassa, Saudi Arabia.
Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2021 Oct;27(5):530-538. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2020.0222. Epub 2020 Dec 3.
Extracellular vesicles (Evs) are membrane-enclosed vesicles secreted by all cell types that mediate cell-cell communication via their protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid (RNA, DNA) cargo. EVs are involved in a multitude of physiological processes, including development, cell differentiation, and angiogenesis, and have been implicated in tissue repair. Thus, they have been suggested to offer opportunities for the development of novel cell-free tissue engineering (TE) approaches. In this review, we provide an overview of current understanding and emerging applications of EVs in TE and address opportunities and challenges for clinical translation. In addition, we discuss systemic and local routes of delivery of EVs and the advantages and disadvantages of different biomaterials in providing a substrate for the sustained release of EVs . Impact statement Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale, membrane-bound vesicles released by most, if not all, cells in the body. They are implicated in a wide range of physiological processes and diseases ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration, and hold huge potential as mediators of tissue regeneration. This has led to an explosion of interest in using EVs in a variety of tissue engineering applications. In this review, we provide an overview of current progress in the field and highlight the opportunities and challenges of harnessing the potential of EVs in regenerative medicine.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是由所有细胞类型分泌的膜包裹囊泡，通过其蛋白质、脂质、碳水化合物和核酸（RNA、DNA）货物介导细胞间通讯。EVs 参与多种生理过程，包括发育、细胞分化和血管生成，并与组织修复有关。因此，它们被认为提供了开发新型无细胞组织工程（TE）方法的机会。在这篇综述中，我们提供了对 EVs 在 TE 中的当前理解和新兴应用的概述，并探讨了临床转化的机会和挑战。此外，我们还讨论了 EVs 的全身和局部给药途径，以及不同生物材料在提供 EVs 持续释放的基质方面的优缺点。
