Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Neurology and Institute for Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
J Cell Physiol. 2021 Feb;236(2):806-823. doi: 10.1002/jcp.29908. Epub 2020 Jun 30.
Cognitive dysfunction is a state of losing or having difficulties in remembering, learning, focusing, or making decisions that impact individual healthy life. Small single-stranded and nonprotein coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) participate actively in regulatory processes, incorporate cognitive signaling pathways, and intensely affect cognitive evolution. miRNAs exert their modification activities through translational or transcriptional processes. Reportedly, cognitive impairment and dementia are rising, especially in developing countries. Herein we provided a brief review of original studies addressing miRNA changes in the most common neurological diseases with a focus on dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It must be noted that an increase in the level of certain miRNAs but a decrease in other ones deteriorate cognitive performance. The current review revealed that induction of miR-214-3p, miR-302, miR-21, miR- 200b/c, miR-207, miR-132, miR-188-3p and 5p, and miR-873 improved cognitive impairment in various cognitive tasks. On the other hand, intentionally lowering the level of miR-34a, miR-124, miR-574, and miR-191a enhanced cognitive function and memory. Synaptic dysfunction is a core cause of cognitive dysfunction; miRNA-34, miRNA-34-c, miRNA-124, miRNA-188-5p, miRNA-210-5p, miRNA-335-3p, and miRNA-134 strongly influence synaptic-related mechanisms. The downregulation of miRNA-132 aggregates both amyloid and tau in tauopathy. Concerning the massive burden of neurological diseases worldwide, the future challenge is the translation of animal model knowledge into the detection of pathophysiological stages of neurocognitive disorders and designing efficient therapeutic strategies. While the delivery procedure of agomir or antagomir miRNAs into the brain is invasive and only applied in animal studies, finding a safe and specific delivery route is a priority.
认知功能障碍是一种丧失或难以记忆、学习、集中注意力或做出决策的状态，这些都会影响个体的健康生活。小的单链和非蛋白编码 RNA，microRNAs (miRNAs) 积极参与调节过程，纳入认知信号通路，并强烈影响认知进化。miRNAs 通过翻译或转录过程发挥其修饰活性。据报道，认知障碍和痴呆症，特别是在发展中国家，正在上升。本文简要综述了 miRNA 变化与最常见的神经退行性疾病的关系，重点是痴呆症和阿尔茨海默病。需要注意的是，某些 miRNA 水平的增加和其他 miRNA 水平的降低都会导致认知表现恶化。目前的综述表明，诱导 miR-214-3p、miR-302、miR-21、miR-200b/c、miR-207、miR-132、miR-188-3p 和 5p 以及 miR-873 可以改善各种认知任务中的认知障碍。另一方面，有针对性地降低 miR-34a、miR-124、miR-574 和 miR-191a 的水平可以增强认知功能和记忆力。突触功能障碍是认知功能障碍的核心原因；miR-34、miR-34-c、miR-124、miR-188-5p、miR-210-5p、miR-335-3p 和 miR-134 强烈影响突触相关机制。miR-132 的下调导致 tau 病变中的淀粉样蛋白和 tau 聚集。鉴于全世界神经退行性疾病的巨大负担，未来的挑战是将动物模型知识转化为神经认知障碍病理生理阶段的检测，并设计有效的治疗策略。虽然 agomir 或 antagomir miRNAs 进入大脑的传递过程具有侵入性，并且仅应用于动物研究，但寻找安全和特定的传递途径是当务之急。
