Lantero Esther, Matallanas Beatriz, Pascual Susana, Ochando M Dolores, Callejas Carmen
Physiology and Microbiology, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. José Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, c/Tajo, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Insects. 2020 Jun 26;11(6):396. doi: 10.3390/insects11060396.
The olive fruit fly () is the most damaging olive pest. The intensive use of organophosphates (OPs) to control it, led to an increase in resistance in field populations. This study assesses the presence and distribution of three mutations at the gene related to target site insensitivity to OPs in Spain. Samples from other Mediterranean countries were included as external references. Resistance-conferring alleles (from exons IV and VII of the gene) reached almost an 80% frequency in Spanish populations. In total, 62% of them were homozygous (), this being more common in eastern mainland Spain. High frequencies of individuals were also found in North Mediterranean samples. Conversely, in Tunisia, only sensitive alleles were detected. Finally, the exon X mutation ∆Q3 had an extremely low frequency in all samples. The high frequency of genotype in Spain indicates high fitness in an agroecosystem treated with pesticides, in contrast to ∆Q3. At exon IV all flies carried the same haplotype for the allele conferring resistance. The sequence analysis at this exon suggests a unique origin and fast expansion of the resistant allele. These results provide evidence that OPs appropriate use is needed and prompt the search for alternative methods for pest control.
橄榄果蝇（ ）是对橄榄危害最大的害虫。大量使用有机磷农药（OPs）来控制它，导致田间种群的抗药性增加。本研究评估了西班牙与对OPs靶标位点不敏感相关的 基因上三个突变的存在和分布情况。来自其他地中海国家的样本被作为外部参考。赋予抗性的等位基因（来自 基因的外显子IV和VII）在西班牙种群中的频率几乎达到80%。其中，62%为纯合子（ ），在西班牙大陆东部更为常见。在北地中海样本中也发现了高频率的 个体。相反，在突尼斯，仅检测到敏感等位基因。最后，外显子X突变∆Q3在所有样本中的频率极低。与∆Q3相比，西班牙 基因型的高频率表明在使用农药处理的农业生态系统中具有高适应性。在外显子IV处，所有携带赋予抗性等位基因的果蝇都具有相同的单倍型。该外显子的序列分析表明抗性等位基因具有独特的起源和快速扩张。这些结果提供了证据，表明需要合理使用OPs，并促使人们寻找控制橄榄果蝇害虫的替代方法。
