Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2020 Sep 21;33(9):2225-2246. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00164. Epub 2020 Jul 29.
Microcystins are cyclic peptide toxins formed by cyanobacteria. These toxins are recognized for their association with algal blooms, posing a significant threat to ecosystems and drinking water quality. Due to the growing environmental concerns they raise, a comprehensive review on microcystins' genesis, toxicity, and analytical methods for their quantitative determination is outlined. Genes, including the cluster, regulate microcystin biogenesis. Bioanalytical experiments have identified key environmental factors, such as temperature and nitrogen availability, that promote microcystin production. Microcystin toxicity is explored based on its modulatory effects on protein phosphatases 1 and 2A in specific tissues and organs. Additionally, biochemical mechanisms of chelation, transportation, resultant oxidative stress, and tumor promotion abilities of microcystins are also discussed. Various analytical methods to separate, detect, and quantify microcystins, including the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and chromatographic platforms-linked tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for unequivocal structural identification, are also reviewed. Since control of microcystins in water is of great necessity, both water treatment and mechanisms of abiotic transformation and microbial degradation are also discussed.
微囊藻毒素是由蓝藻形成的环状肽毒素。这些毒素与藻类大量繁殖有关，对生态系统和饮用水质量构成重大威胁。由于它们引起的环境问题日益受到关注，因此概述了关于微囊藻毒素的起源、毒性及其定量测定分析方法的全面综述。包括 簇在内的基因调控微囊藻毒素的生物合成。生物分析实验已经确定了促进微囊藻毒素产生的关键环境因素，如温度和氮素供应。基于其对特定组织和器官中蛋白磷酸酶 1 和 2A 的调节作用，探讨了微囊藻毒素的毒性。还讨论了微囊藻毒素的螯合、转运、由此产生的氧化应激和促进肿瘤的生化机制。也综述了各种用于分离、检测和定量微囊藻毒素的分析方法，包括用于明确结构鉴定的实时聚合酶链反应、酶联免疫吸附测定、核磁共振波谱和色谱平台-串联质谱（LC-MS）。由于水中微囊藻毒素的控制非常必要，因此还讨论了水处理以及非生物转化和微生物降解的机制。
