Magalhães Bruno M, Mays Simon, Santos Ana Luisa
Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Historic England, Portsmouth, United Kingdom; Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of History, Classics & Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Int J Paleopathol. 2020 Sep;30:105-109. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2020.04.003. Epub 2020 Jun 29.
This work describes a new method for recording nasal fracture in skeletonized individuals, suitable for use in biocultural studies of violence and fracture in past societies.
The method consists in recording the 'side of fracture', 'side of deviation', 'type of fracture', 'other facial fractures', and stage of 'bone remodeling'.
A lateral impact force to the facial area is typical of interpersonal violence. This may result in a unilateral nasal fracture and/or a laterally deviated nose. Given the predominance of right-handedness in human populations, side of fracture and, especially, side of deviation, may be useful indices of interpersonal violence. As regards fracture type, although a distal fracture of the nasal bones is the most common type, their comminution may be associated with higher impact forces. The presence of other facial fractures may also be an indicator of high-energy impacts.
Different patterns of nasal trauma may be consistent with different etiologies.
The method is focused at improving our ability to distinguish the direction and type of impact that caused the injury and, in particular, whether, at a population or sub-group level, such injuries are likely to be predominantly due to violence or to other causes.
Well healed fractures of the nasal bones or injury to the septum may be difficult to identify. Also, it is not possible to confirm if nasal and other facial fractures are temporally concurrent.
To test this method using skeletal collections with known trauma history or 3D prints of modern nasal injuries of known etiologies.
本研究描述了一种记录骨骼化个体鼻骨骨折的新方法，适用于过去社会中暴力与骨折的生物文化研究。
该方法包括记录“骨折侧”“偏斜侧”“骨折类型”“其他面部骨折”以及“骨重塑阶段”。
面部区域的侧向冲击力是人际暴力的典型特征。这可能导致单侧鼻骨骨折和/或鼻骨侧向偏斜。鉴于人类群体中右利手占主导地位，骨折侧，尤其是偏斜侧，可能是人际暴力的有用指标。至于骨折类型，虽然鼻骨远端骨折是最常见的类型，但其粉碎可能与更高的冲击力有关。其他面部骨折的存在也可能是高能量撞击的指标。
不同模式的鼻外伤可能与不同病因相符。
该方法旨在提高我们区分导致损伤的撞击方向和类型的能力，特别是在群体或亚组层面，此类损伤是否主要由暴力或其他原因引起。
鼻骨愈合良好的骨折或鼻中隔损伤可能难以识别。此外，无法确定鼻骨骨折和其他面部骨折是否同时发生。
使用具有已知外伤史的骨骼标本或已知病因的现代鼻外伤3D打印模型来测试该方法。
