Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
J Cell Physiol. 2021 Feb;236(2):839-850. doi: 10.1002/jcp.29920. Epub 2020 Jul 7.
The axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, is used extensively for research in developmental biology, particularly for its ability to regenerate and restore lost organs, including in the nervous system, to full functionality. Regeneration in mammals typically depends on the healing process and scar formation with limited replacement of lost tissue. Other organisms, such as spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus), salamanders, and zebrafish, are able to regenerate some damaged body components. Blastema is a tissue that is formed after tissue injury in such organisms and is composed of progenitor cells or dedifferentiated cells that differentiate into various cell types during regeneration. Thus, identifying the molecules responsible for initiation of blastema formation is an important aspect for understanding regeneration. Introns, a major source of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), have characteristic sizes in the axolotl, particularly in genes associated with development. These ncRNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), exhibit dynamic regulation during regeneration. These miRNAs play an essential role in timing and control of gene expression to order and organize processes necessary for blastema creation. Master keys or molecules that underlie the remarkable regenerative abilities of the axolotl remain to be fully explored and exploited. Further and ongoing research on regeneration promises new knowledge that may allow improved repair and renewal of human tissues.
美西螈（Ambystoma mexicanum）被广泛用于发育生物学的研究，特别是因为它能够再生和恢复失去的器官，包括神经系统的功能。哺乳动物的再生通常依赖于愈合过程和疤痕形成，只有有限的组织替代。其他生物体，如刺毛鼠（Acomys cahirinus）、蝾螈和斑马鱼，能够再生一些受损的身体组织。芽基是在这些生物体的组织损伤后形成的组织，由祖细胞或去分化细胞组成，在再生过程中分化为各种细胞类型。因此，鉴定启动芽基形成的分子是理解再生的一个重要方面。内含子是非编码 RNA（ncRNA）的主要来源，在美西螈中具有特征大小，特别是与发育相关的基因。这些 ncRNA，特别是 microRNAs（miRNAs），在再生过程中表现出动态调节。这些 miRNAs 在时间和基因表达的控制中发挥着重要作用，以有序和组织必要的芽基形成过程。作为美西螈惊人再生能力基础的主要钥匙或分子仍有待充分探索和利用。对再生的进一步和正在进行的研究有望带来新的知识，可能允许改善人类组织的修复和更新。
