Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Anat Histol Embryol. 2020 Sep;49(5):656-678. doi: 10.1111/ahe.12588. Epub 2020 Jul 8.
The cardiovascular system is the first functional organ in the embryo, and its blood vessels form a widespread conductive network within the organism. Blood vessels develop de novo, by the differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (vasculogenesis) or by angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge on physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the horse including studies on equine endothelial cells. Principal study fields in equine angiogenesis research were identified: equine endothelial progenitor cells; equine endothelial cells and angiogenesis (heterogeneity, markers and assessment); endothelial regulatory molecules in equine angiogenesis; angiogenesis research in equine reproduction (ovary, uterus, placenta and conceptus, testis); angiogenesis research in pathological conditions (tumours, ocular pathologies, equine wound healing, musculoskeletal system and laminitis). The review also includes a table that summarizes in vitro studies on equine endothelial cells, either describing the isolation procedure or using previously isolated endothelial cells. A particular challenge of the review was that results published are fragmentary and sometimes even contradictory, raising more questions than they answer. In conclusion, angiogenesis is a major factor in several diseases frequently occurring in horses, but relatively few studies focus on angiogenesis in the horse. The challenge for the future is therefore to continue exploring new therapeutic angiogenesis strategies for horses to fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle.
心血管系统是胚胎中第一个具有功能的器官，其血管在体内形成广泛的传导网络。血管通过内皮祖细胞的分化（血管发生）或血管生成（即从现有血管形成新血管）来新生。这篇综述概述了马的生理和病理血管生成的最新知识，包括对马内皮细胞的研究。确定了马血管生成研究的主要领域：马内皮祖细胞；马内皮细胞和血管生成（异质性、标志物和评估）；马血管生成中的内皮调节分子；马生殖中的血管生成研究（卵巢、子宫、胎盘和胚胎、睾丸）；病理条件下的血管生成研究（肿瘤、眼部疾病、马的伤口愈合、肌肉骨骼系统和蹄叶炎）。该综述还包括一个表格，总结了马内皮细胞的体外研究，这些研究要么描述了分离程序，要么使用了先前分离的内皮细胞。该综述的一个特别挑战是，发表的结果是零散的，有时甚至是相互矛盾的，提出的问题多于答案。总之，血管生成是马中几种常见疾病的一个主要因素，但相对较少的研究关注马的血管生成。因此，未来的挑战是继续探索针对马的新的治疗性血管生成策略，以填补这一领域的空白。
