Generation of Monophasic Action Potentials and Intermediate Forms.

The monophasic action potential (MAP) is a near replica of the transmembrane potential recorded when an electrode is pushed firmly against cardiac tissue. Despite its many practical uses, the mechanism of MAP signal generation and the reason it is so different from unipolar recordings are not completely known and are a matter of controversy. In this work, we describe a method to simulate realistic MAP and intermediate forms, which are multiphasic electrograms different from an ideal MAP. The key ideas of our method are the formation of compressed zones and junctional spaces-regions of the extracellular and bath or blood pool directly in contact with electrodes that exhibit a pressure-induced reduction in electrical conductivity-and the presence of a complex network of passive components that acts as a high-pass filter to distort and attenuate the signal that reaches the recording amplifier. The network is formed by the interaction between the passive tissue properties and the double-layer capacitance of electrodes. The MAP and intermediate forms reside on a continuum of signals, which can be generated by the change of the model parameters. Our model helps to decipher the mechanisms of signal generation and can lead to a better design for electrodes, recording amplifiers, and experimental setups.