Induction of lipid droplets in THP-1 macrophages by multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a diameter-dependent manner: A transcriptomic study.

Exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) might induce lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis, but the roles of physicochemical properties of MWCNTs, as well as the mechanisms, remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated lipid laden foam formation in THP-1 macrophages exposed to MWCNTs of different diameters, and attempted transcriptomic analysis to study the possible mechanisms. We observed diameter-dependent cytotoxicity, lipid accumulation and intracellular reactive oxygen species production that were more pronounced for MWCNTs with smaller diameters compared with those with larger diameters. However, more MWCNTs with larger diameters were retained in macrophages after 24 h exposure. One possible explanation for the inverse relationship between MWCNT bio-effects and internalization is that macrophages altered the expression of exocytotic genes to export toxic MWCNTs. Transcriptomic data showed that MWCNTs with smaller diameters more effectively altered the expression of genes related with cytotoxicity and lipid metabolism, and KEGG pathway analysis suggested that MWCNTs with smaller diameters activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signalling pathway (map03320), leading to over-expression of perilipin 2, the surface proteins of LDs. Western blot confirmed that MWCNTs effectively promoted CD36, PPARγ and perilipin 2, key components in map03320. Moreover, inhibition of PPARγ by chemicals or siRNA significantly inhibited lipid accumulation induced by MWCNTs with smaller diameters, and perilipin 2 proteins in MWCNT-exposed macrophages could be decreased by PPARγ siRNA. In conclusion, the results of this study revealed the induction of LDs by MWCNTs in a diameter-dependent manner through the activation of PPAR signalling pathway.