Cabrera Walsh Guillermo, Ávila Crébio J, Cabrera Nora, Nava Dori E, de Sene Pinto Alexandre, Weber Donald C
ARS-SABCL/FuEDEI (Foundation for the Study of Invasive Species), Hurlingham B1686EFA, Argentina.
EMBRAPA Agropecuaria Oeste, Dourados, Mato Grosso de Sul Caixa-postal 449, Brazil.
Insects. 2020 Jul 8;11(7):421. doi: 10.3390/insects11070421.
The genus has over 400 described species, the majority of them neotropical. However, only three species of neotropical are considered agricultural pests: , , and . and are polyphagous both as adults and during the larval stage. are stenophagous during the larval stage, feeding essentially on maize roots, and polyphagous as adults. The larvae of the three species are pests on maize, but larvae also feed on potatoes and peanuts, while larvae feed on beans and peanuts. None of these species express a winter/dry season egg diapause, displaying instead several continuous, latitude-mediated generations per year. This hinders the use of crop rotation as a management tool, although early planting can help in the temperate regions of the distribution of . The parasitoids of adults, and , do not exert much control on populations, or show potential for inundative biocontrol plans. Management options are limited to insecticide applications and Bt genetically modified (GM) maize. Other techniques that show promise are products using and , semiochemical attractants for monitoring purposes or as toxic baits, and plant resistance.
该属已描述的物种有400多种，其中大多数分布在新热带地区。然而，新热带地区只有三种 被视为农业害虫： 、 和 。 和 在成虫期和幼虫期均为多食性。 在幼虫期为寡食性，主要取食玉米根，成虫期为多食性。这三种害虫的幼虫均危害玉米，但 幼虫也取食马铃薯和花生，而 幼虫取食豆类和花生。这些物种均不表现冬季/旱季卵滞育，而是每年有几个连续的、受纬度影响的世代。这阻碍了将作物轮作作为一种管理手段的应用，不过在 的分布区域的温带地区，早播可能会有帮助。成虫 、 和 的寄生蜂对 种群的控制作用不大，也没有表现出在淹没式生物防治计划中的潜力。管理措施仅限于施用杀虫剂和种植Bt转基因玉米。其他有前景的技术包括使用 和 的产品、用于监测目的或作为毒饵的信息素引诱剂以及植物抗性。
