橄榄(Olea europaea L.)叶在啤酒中的应用及其对啤酒化学成分和抗氧化活性的影响。
Use of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves as beer ingredient, and their influence on beer chemical composition and antioxidant activity.
机构信息
Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Science, Udine, 206, Italy.
出版信息
J Food Sci. 2020 Aug;85(8):2278-2285. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.15318. Epub 2020 Jul 11.
Olive leaves are well known for their high polyphenol content and beneficial effects to human health. The two main phenolic compounds of olive leaves are oleuropein and 3-hydroxytyrosol. Use of olive leaves as beer ingredient was evaluated, to investigate their contribution to bitterness and antioxidant activity of beer. Thirteen beer samples were produced, adding olive leaves during boiling at different boiling times, in different forms and concentrations. Three different forms were used: dry crumbled leaves, infusion, and atomized extract. The effects of olive leaves addition were evaluated through following analysis: total polyphenols content, oleuropein and 3-hydroxytyrosol content, antioxidant capacity, sensory analysis, shelf-life prediction. Results confirmed that addition of olive leaves highly increased polyphenol content of beers. Boiling time favored hydrolysis of oleuropein to 3-hydroxytyrosol. Antioxidant activity was not influenced by addition of olive leaves. Higher polyphenol content of beer samples increased colloidal instability of beer. Sensory analysis results demonstrated that about 10 g/L of olive leaves imparts a sour/astringent taste and herbal aroma. A lower quantity of olive leaves (about 5 g/L) allowed to obtain a beer with a pleasant sensory profile. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Our research was inspired by both the high interest in alternative ingredients able to add nutraceutical value to traditional food, and by the growing craft beer market, with its constant research for innovative and characterizing ingredients. This project has several aims: evaluate if olive leaves could partially substitute hops in beer bittering (reducing costs); if their addition increase beer polyphenol content; which amount and using technique gives the best results in terms of polyphenol extraction and sensory profile; how this addition influence beer stability. This work could then encourage new research about the nutraceutical value of this new type of beer.
橄榄叶以其高多酚含量和对人体健康的有益作用而闻名。橄榄叶中的两种主要酚类化合物是橄榄苦苷和 3-羟基酪醇。评估了将橄榄叶用作啤酒成分,以研究其对啤酒苦味和抗氧化活性的贡献。在不同的煮沸时间、不同的形式和浓度下,在煮沸过程中添加橄榄叶,生产了 13 种啤酒样品。使用了三种不同的形式:干碎叶、浸提液和雾化提取物。通过以下分析评估橄榄叶的添加效果:总多酚含量、橄榄苦苷和 3-羟基酪醇含量、抗氧化能力、感官分析、保质期预测。结果证实,添加橄榄叶可显著提高啤酒的多酚含量。煮沸时间有利于橄榄苦苷水解为 3-羟基酪醇。添加橄榄叶对抗氧化活性没有影响。啤酒样品中较高的多酚含量增加了啤酒的胶体不稳定性。感官分析结果表明,约 10 g/L 的橄榄叶赋予啤酒一种酸/涩味和草药香气。较低量的橄榄叶(约 5 g/L)可以获得具有宜人感官特征的啤酒。实际应用:我们的研究受到两个方面的启发:一方面是对能够为传统食品增加营养的替代成分的高度关注,另一方面是对不断寻求创新和特色成分的精酿啤酒市场的增长。该项目有几个目标:评估橄榄叶是否可以部分替代啤酒苦味剂(降低成本);其添加是否增加啤酒多酚含量;在提取多酚和感官特征方面,哪种用量和使用技术效果最好;这种添加如何影响啤酒稳定性。这项工作可以鼓励对这种新型啤酒的营养价值进行新的研究。