Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 34, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Av 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Oct;106:116-126. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.004. Epub 2020 Jul 10.
Raptors have always fascinated mankind, owls for their highly sensitive vision, and eagles for their high visual acuity. We summarize what is presently known about the eyes as well as the visual abilities of these birds, and point out knowledge gaps. We discuss visual fields, eye movements, accommodation, ocular media transmittance, spectral sensitivity, retinal anatomy and what is known about visual pathways. The specific adaptations of owls to dim-light vision include large corneal diameters compared to axial (and focal) length, a rod-dominated retina and low spatial and temporal resolution of vision. Adaptations of diurnal raptors to high acuity vision in bright light include rod- and double cone-free foveae, high cone and retinal ganglion cell densities and high temporal resolution. We point out that more studies, preferably using behavioural and non-invasive methods, are desirable.
猛禽一直令人类着迷，猫头鹰因其高度敏感的视觉，而鹰因其高视觉敏锐度。我们总结了这些鸟类的眼睛以及视觉能力的现有知识，并指出了知识空白。我们讨论了视野、眼球运动、调节、眼介质透光率、光谱灵敏度、视网膜解剖结构以及视觉通路的相关知识。猫头鹰适应弱光视觉的具体特征包括与轴向（和焦点）长度相比更大的角膜直径、以视杆细胞为主的视网膜以及低空间和时间分辨率的视觉。昼行性猛禽适应强光下的高视力的特征包括无视杆细胞和双圆锥细胞的中央凹、高视锥细胞和视网膜神经节细胞密度以及高时间分辨率。我们指出，需要更多的研究，最好使用行为学和非侵入性方法。
