Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Nov;27(32):40296-40308. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-10053-2. Epub 2020 Jul 13.
In the present study, we characterized the phytochemical properties, which were specifically associated with phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in six distinct ecotypes of Umbilicaria aprina Nyl. from Iran (including Kivarestan, Mishan, Takht-e Nader, Tochal, Sabalan, and Sahand) to detect diversities within the species. Total phenolic concentration (TPC) and radical scavenging capacities of U. aprina ecotypes were evaluated. Moreover, qualitative differences between chemical profiles were surveyed using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Relatively moderate TPCs (Kivarestan = 36.12 ± 2.1, Mishan = 41.59 ± 2.2, Takht-e Nader = 31.85 ± 1.3, Tochal = 37.55 ± 2.3, Sabalan = 28.91 ± 2.5, and Sahand = 31.59 ± 2.2) were observed for ecotypes, but a very strong correlation (r = -0/842) was obtained between TPCs and IC values. Based on the results of LC-ESI-MS/MS, the following chemical substances were identified: orsellinic acid (1), lecanoric acid (2), evernic acid (3), gyrophoric acid (4), umbilicaric acid (5), hiascic acid (6), stictic acid (7) methyl hiascic acid (8), and an unknown substance (9). The MS/MS fragmentation scheme for each substance was determined and proposed. Wide discrepancies were observed in the chemical profiles of lichen ecotypes, which may corroborate the influence of ecological locality conditions, for example, altitude and slope aspects on secondary metabolism of lichen species U. aprina. The north-facing and east-facing ecotypes (Sabalan and Mishan, respectively) lacked depsidones (stictic acid) mainly because they receive the least direct radiation. Mishan ecotype, as the only east-facing ecotype, showed the most different chemical profile.
在本研究中，我们对来自伊朗的六种不同生态型 Umbilicaria aprina Nyl.（包括 Kivarestan、Mishan、Takht-e Nader、Tochal、Sabalan 和 Sahand）的植物化学特性进行了描述，这些特性与酚类化合物和抗氧化活性有关，以检测该物种内的多样性。评估了 U. aprina 生态型的总酚浓度 (TPC) 和自由基清除能力。此外，还使用液相色谱电喷雾电离串联质谱 (LC-ESI-MS/MS) 对化学图谱的定性差异进行了调查。相对中等的 TPC（Kivarestan = 36.12 ± 2.1、Mishan = 41.59 ± 2.2、Takht-e Nader = 31.85 ± 1.3、Tochal = 37.55 ± 2.3、Sabalan = 28.91 ± 2.5 和 Sahand = 31.59 ± 2.2）被观察到，但 TPC 和 IC 值之间存在非常强的相关性（r = -0/842）。基于 LC-ESI-MS/MS 的结果，鉴定出以下化学物质：orsellinic 酸 (1)、lecanoric 酸 (2)、evernic 酸 (3)、gyrophoric 酸 (4)、umbilicaric 酸 (5)、hiascic 酸 (6)、stictic 酸 (7)、甲基 hiascic 酸 (8) 和一种未知物质 (9)。确定并提出了每种物质的 MS/MS 碎裂方案。地衣生态型的化学图谱存在广泛差异，这可能证实了生态位置条件（例如海拔和坡度）对 U. aprina 地衣物种次生代谢的影响。北坡和东坡生态型（分别为 Sabalan 和 Mishan）缺乏 depsidones（stictic 酸），主要是因为它们接收的直接辐射最少。作为唯一的东坡生态型的 Mishan 生态型显示出最不同的化学图谱。
