An Analysis of Complications and Bone Defect Length With the Use of Induced Membrane Technique in the Upper Limb: A Systematic Review.

The induced membrane technique was originally described as a technique for the reconstruction of long bone defects. The authors performed a systematic review to determine whether the use of the induced membrane technique is effective in large bony defects in the upper extremity. A qualitative systematic review was conducted using PubMed, EBSCO, and Google Scholar databases to record all studies reporting on complications of the induced membrane technique in the upper extremity. Studies written after 1990 in English language journals met the inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria were non-English language publications, animal studies, failure to identify the location of the bone defect, failure to identify whether complications were associated with the procedure, and failure to define the length of bone defect. A total of 1422 studies were identified in the original search. Twelve studies satisfied the criteria for inclusion. A total of 70 patients with 83 upper extremity cases were reported: 1 proximal interphalangeal joint, 22 phalanges, 8 metacarpals, 37 forearms, 14 humeri, and 1 clavicle. The mean bone defect size was 4.0 cm (SD, 1.5). The most common complication was infection. We found that complication rates were independent of the location of the bone defect. Complication rates in the upper extremity ranged from 0% to 100%, with a total weighted mean of 10%. The induced membrane technique is an emerging possible treatment of large bone defects in the upper extremity. More research is needed to determine the outcomes of the induced membrane technique in the upper extremity.