Controlling Residual Lithium in High-Nickel (>90 %) Lithium Layered Oxides for Cathodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

The rampant generation of lithium hydroxide and carbonate impurities, commonly known as residual lithium, is a practical obstacle to the mass-scale synthesis and handling of high-nickel (>90 %) layered oxides and their use as high-energy-density cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Herein, we suggest a simple in situ method to control the residual lithium chemistry of a high-nickel lithium layered oxide, Li(Ni Co Mn )O (NCM9163), with minimal side effects. Based on thermodynamic considerations of the preferred reactions, we systematically designed a synthesis process that preemptively converts residual Li O (the origin of LiOH and Li CO ) into a more stable compound by injecting reactive SO gas. The preformed lithium sulfate thin film significantly suppresses the generation of LiOH and Li CO during both synthesis and storage, thereby mitigating slurry gelation and gas evolution and improving the cycle stability.