Serpins in Fasciola hepatica: insights into host-parasite interactions.

Protease inhibitors play crucial roles in parasite development and survival, modulating the immune responses of their vertebrate hosts. Members of the serpin family are irreversible inhibitors of serine proteases and regulate systems related to defence against parasites. Limited information is currently available on protease inhibitors from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. In this study, we characterised four serpins from F. hepatica (FhS-1-FhS-4). Biochemical characterisation revealed that recombinant FhS-2 (rFhS) inhibits the activity of human neutrophil cathepsin G, while rFhS-4 inhibits the activity of bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin and cathepsin G. Consistent with inhibitor function profiling data, rFhS-4 inhibited cathepsin G-activated platelet aggregation in a dose-responsive manner.Similar to other serpins, rFhS2 and rFhS-4 bind to heparin with high affinity. Tissue localisation demonstrated that these serpins have different spatial distributions. FhS-2 is localised in the ovary, while FhS-4 was found in gut cells. Both of them co-localised in the spines within the tegument. These findings provide the basis for study of functional roles of these proteins as part of an immune evasion mechanism in the adult fluke, and in protection of eggs to ensure parasite life cycle continuity. Further understanding of serpins from the liver fluke may lead to the discovery of novel anti-parasitic interventions.