The role of during co-infection with avian pathogenic in avian colibacillosis.

spp. (ENT) are frequently co-isolated with avian pathogenic (APEC) from poultry with colibacillosis, a leading cause of flock mortality. Although largely overlooked, ENT may play an active role in these infections. To assess the frequency of ENT co-isolation in colibacillosis, cultures were collected from birds with gross lesions of omphalitis, polyserositis, and septicaemia over a 3-year period from three turkey flocks and three broiler flocks. In birds diagnosed with colibacillosis based on gross findings and isolation of , ENT were co-isolated with APEC in 35.7% ( = 41/115) of colibacillosis mortality and 3.7% of total mortality (= 41/1122). Co-isolated APEC and ENT pairs (= 41) were further characterized using antimicrobial resistance phenotyping and co-culture assays. (EF) was the most commonly co-isolated species (68%  = 28/41) and tetracycline resistance was the resistance phenotype most commonly found among APEC (51%  = 21/41) and ENT (93%  = 38/41). Under iron-restricted conditions, EF enhanced APEC growth in a proximity-dependent manner and APEC grown in mixed culture with EF exhibited a significant growth and survival advantage ( ≤ 0.01). In an embryo lethality assay, APEC co-infection with EF resulted in decreased survival of broiler embryos compared to mono-infections ( ≤ 0.05). These data demonstrate that EF augmented APEC survival and growth under iron limiting conditions, possibly translating to the increased virulence of APEC in broiler embryos. Thus, ENT co-infections may be a previously unrecognized contributor to colibacillosis-related mortality. Further investigations into the mechanism of this interaction are warranted. is frequently co-isolated with avian pathogenic (APEC). (EF) enhances survival of APEC in iron restricted conditions. EF co-infection increases APEC virulence in broiler embryos.