Peroxidase: a multifunctional enzyme in grapevines.

Peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes that catalyse the one-electron oxidation of several substrates at the expense of HO. They are probably encoded by a large multigene family in grapevines, and therefore show a high degree of polymorphism. Grapevine peroxidases are glycoproteins of high thermal stability, whose molecular weight usually ranges from 35 to 45 kDa. Their visible spectrum shows absorption bands characteristic of high-spin class III peroxidases. Grapevine peroxidases are capable of accepting a wide range of natural compounds as substrates, such as the cell wall protein extensin, plant growth regulators such as IAA, and phenolics such as benzoic acids, stilbenes, flavonols, cinnamyl alcohols and anthocyanins. They are located in cell walls and vacuoles. These locations are in accordance with their key role in determining the final cell wall architecture, especially regarding lignin deposition and extensin insolubilization, and the turnover of vacuolar phenolic metabolites, a task that also forms part of the molecular program of disease resistance. Although peroxidase is a constitutive enzyme in grapevines, its levels are strongly modulated during plant cell development and in response to both biotic and abiotic environmental factors. To gain an insight into the metabolic regulation of peroxidase, several authors have studied how grapevine peroxidase and HO levels change in response to a changing environment. Nevertheless, the results obtained are not always easy to interpret. Despite such difficulties, the response of the peroxidase-HO system to both UV-C radiation and Trichoderma viride elicitors is worthy of study. Both UV-C and T. viride elicitors induce specific changes in peroxidase isoenzyme / HO levels, which result in specific changes in grapevine physiology and metabolism. In the case of T. viride-elicited grapevine cells, they show a particular mechanism for HO production, in which NADPH oxidase-like activities are apparently not involved. However, they offer a unique system whereby the metabolic regulation of peroxidase by HO, with all its cross-talks and downstream signals, may be elegantly dissected.