Ali Imran, Asif Muhammad, Rehman Muhammad Riaz Ur, Khan Danial, Yingge Huo, Kim Sung Jin, Pu YoungGun, Yoo Sang-Sun, Lee Kang-Yoon
College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.
Sensors (Basel). 2020 Jul 19;20(14):4012. doi: 10.3390/s20144012.
In this article, a highly reliable radio frequency (RF) wake-up receiver (WuRx) is presented for electronic toll collection (ETC) applications. An intelligent digital controller (IDC) is proposed as the final stage for improving WuRx reliability and replacing complex analog blocks. With IDC, high reliability and accuracy are achieved by sensing and ensuring the successive, configurable number of wake-up signal cycles before enabling power-hungry RF transceiver. The IDC and range communication (RC) oscillator current consumption is reduced by a presented self-hibernation technique during the non-wake-up period. For accommodating wake-up signal frequency variation and enhancing WuRx accuracy, a digital hysteresis is incorporated. To avoid uncertain conditions during poor and false wake-up, a watch-dog timer for IDC self-recovery is integrated. During wake-up, the digital controller consumes 34.62 nW power and draws 38.47 nA current from a 0.9 V supply. In self-hibernation mode, its current reduces to 9.7 nA. It is fully synthesizable and needs 809 gates for its implementation in a 130 nm CMOS process with a 94 × 82 µm area. The WuRx measured power consumption is 2.48 µW, has -46 dBm sensitivity, and a 0.484 mm² chip area.
本文提出了一种用于电子不停车收费（ETC）应用的高可靠性射频（RF）唤醒接收器（WuRx）。提出了一种智能数字控制器（IDC）作为提高WuRx可靠性和取代复杂模拟模块的最后一级。通过IDC，在启用高功耗RF收发器之前，通过感测并确保连续、可配置数量的唤醒信号周期，实现了高可靠性和准确性。在非唤醒期间，通过一种提出的自休眠技术降低了IDC和距离通信（RC）振荡器的电流消耗。为了适应唤醒信号频率变化并提高WuRx的准确性，引入了数字迟滞。为了避免在不良和错误唤醒期间的不确定情况，集成了用于IDC自我恢复的看门狗定时器。在唤醒期间，数字控制器消耗34.62 nW的功率，从0.9 V电源汲取38.47 nA的电流。在自休眠模式下，其电流降至9.7 nA。它是完全可综合的，在130 nm CMOS工艺中实现时需要809个门，面积为94×82 µm。所测量的WuRx功耗为2.48 µW，灵敏度为-46 dBm，芯片面积为0.484 mm²。
