Martínez-Harms Jaime, Hadar Ravit, Márquez Natalia, Menzel Randolf, Shmida Avi, Stavenga Doekele G, Vorobyev Misha
Institut für Biologie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
INIA La Cruz, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Chorrillos 86, La Cruz 2280454, Chile.
Plants (Basel). 2020 Jul 22;9(8):927. doi: 10.3390/plants9080927.
Evolutionary change is considered a major factor influencing the invasion of new habitats by plants. Yet, evidence on how such modifications promote range expansion remains rather limited. Here we investigated flower color modifications in the red poppy, (Papaveraceae), as a result of its introduction into Central Europe and the impact of those modifications on its interactions with pollinators. We found that while flowers of Eastern Mediterranean poppies reflect exclusively in the red part of the spectrum, those of Central European poppies reflect both red and ultraviolet (UV) light. This change coincides with a shift from pollination by glaphyrid beetles (Glaphyridae) to bees. Glaphyrids have red-sensitive photoreceptors that are absent in bees, which therefore will not be attracted by colors of exclusively red-reflecting flowers. However, UV-reflecting flowers are easily detectable by bees, as revealed by visual modeling. In the North Mediterranean, flowers with low and high UV reflectance occur sympatrically. We hypothesize that Central European populations of were initially polymorphic with respect to their flower color and that UV reflection drove a shift in the pollination system of that facilitated its spread across Europe.
进化变化被认为是影响植物入侵新栖息地的一个主要因素。然而，关于这种变化如何促进分布范围扩大的证据仍然相当有限。在这里，我们研究了红罂粟（罂粟科）引入中欧后花色的变化，以及这些变化对其与传粉者相互作用的影响。我们发现，东地中海地区的罂粟花仅在光谱的红色部分反射，而中欧地区的罂粟花则同时反射红色和紫外线（UV）光。这种变化与传粉者从花萤甲虫（花萤科）向蜜蜂的转变相吻合。花萤有对红色敏感的光感受器，而蜜蜂没有，因此蜜蜂不会被仅反射红色的花朵颜色所吸引。然而，正如视觉模型所显示的，反射紫外线的花朵很容易被蜜蜂察觉。在地中海北部，具有低紫外线反射率和高紫外线反射率的花朵同域分布。我们假设中欧地区的红罂粟种群最初在花色上是多态的，并且紫外线反射推动了红罂粟传粉系统的转变，这促进了它在欧洲的传播。
