Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
Cells. 2020 Jul 16;9(7):1701. doi: 10.3390/cells9071701.
RNA acts as an immunostimulatory molecule in the innate immune system to activate nucleic acid sensors. It functions as an intermediate, conveying genetic information to control inflammatory responses. A key mechanism for RNA sensing is discriminating self from non-self nucleic acids to initiate antiviral responses reliably, including the expression of type I interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes. Another important aspect of the RNA-mediated inflammatory response is posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, where RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have essential roles in various RNA metabolisms, including splicing, nuclear export, modification, and translation and mRNA degradation. Recent evidence suggests that the control of mRNA stability is closely involved in signal transduction and orchestrates immune responses. In this study, we review the current understanding of how RNA is sensed by host RNA sensing machinery and discuss self/non-self-discrimination in innate immunity focusing on mammalian species. Finally, we discuss how posttranscriptional regulation by RBPs shape immune reactions.
RNA 在先天免疫系统中充当免疫刺激性分子，以激活核酸传感器。它作为一种中间体，传递遗传信息以控制炎症反应。RNA 感应的一个关键机制是区分自身和非自身核酸，以可靠地启动抗病毒反应，包括 I 型干扰素 (IFN) 和 IFN 刺激基因的表达。RNA 介导的炎症反应的另一个重要方面是基因表达的转录后调控，其中 RNA 结合蛋白 (RBP) 在各种 RNA 代谢中发挥重要作用，包括剪接、核输出、修饰以及翻译和 mRNA 降解。最近的证据表明，mRNA 稳定性的控制与信号转导密切相关，并协调免疫反应。在这项研究中，我们综述了宿主 RNA 感应机制如何感应 RNA 的最新理解，并讨论了先天免疫中自身/非自身的区分，重点是哺乳动物物种。最后，我们讨论了 RBP 的转录后调控如何塑造免疫反应。
