Tan A
Rev Sci Tech. 2020 Apr;39(1):263-271. doi: 10.20506/rst.39.1.3079.
International trade in animals and animal products results in economic, social and scientific benefits. The risk of the transmission of diseases that affect both animal and human health through the movement of animals and animal products can be controlled by import health requirements. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is recognised by the World Trade Organization as the standard-setting body for international animal health standards covering the safe trade of animals and animal products. To ensure the safe trade of animals and animal products, without unnecessary restrictions, countries should harmonise their import health requirements with OIE standards. Governments should refer to the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Aquatic Animal Health Code, Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, and Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals, standards that have been robustly developed to account for countries' differences in animal health status. Nevertheless, any determination of equivalence or requirement to achieve a higher level of protection should be based on risk analysis. Even though the use of OIE standards in veterinary certificates has benefits, there are several challenges that countries may encounter, such as legislative processes or inter-agency controls slowing down the flexibility of adopting import standards. Some countries may also encounter difficulties in meeting the standards due to operational practicalities. Although private standards have not been significantly involved in regulating animal health, this may present challenges to the universality and fairness of international standards in the future. Lastly, it is important to stay up to date with technology, such as electronic certification, that enhances the certification system for international trade to ensure the authenticity and efficiency of certification.
动物及动物产品的国际贸易带来了经济、社会和科学效益。通过动物及动物产品的运输传播影响动物和人类健康的疾病风险，可以通过进口卫生要求加以控制。世界动物卫生组织（OIE）被世界贸易组织认可为制定国际动物卫生标准的机构，这些标准涵盖动物及动物产品的安全贸易。为确保动物及动物产品的安全贸易，且无不必要的限制，各国应使其进口卫生要求与OIE标准相协调。各国政府应参考OIE《陆生动物卫生法典》、《水生动物卫生法典》、《陆生动物诊断试验和疫苗手册》以及《水生动物诊断试验手册》，这些标准在制定过程中充分考虑了各国动物健康状况的差异。然而，任何等效性的判定或实现更高保护水平的要求都应基于风险分析。尽管在兽医证书中采用OIE标准有诸多益处，但各国可能会遇到一些挑战，比如立法程序或跨部门管控会降低采用进口标准的灵活性。一些国家也可能因实际操作问题而在达标方面遇到困难。虽然私营标准在动物卫生监管中尚未发挥显著作用，但这可能在未来对国际标准的普遍性和公平性构成挑战。最后，紧跟技术发展步伐很重要，比如电子认证，它能增强国际贸易认证系统，确保认证的真实性和效率。
