Pradeepkiran Jangampalli Adi
Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, AP, India.
Deprtment of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University of Health Science Centre, Lubbock, USA.
J Transl Autoimmun. 2019 Aug 20;2:100012. doi: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100012. eCollection 2019 Dec.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a defective post-translational modification of citrullinated peptides which cause synovial inflammation in joints. The present review elaborates the basic mechanisms of RA and the root causes of molecular mechanisms. The gender-based differentiation and probabilitiesof RA causes were discussed. Many report studies supporting that females are more prone to RA than males maybe suspected that circulating estrogen hormones 16a-hydroxy estrone, 2-hydroxy estrogens involvement in the RA pathogenicity. Other important aspects like environmental factors and air pollutants like (SO2 and NO2) were also impacted and enhances the risk of RA were discussed. The root cause of pathomechanisms of peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes in RA and autoimmunity factors were poorly understood, however, Ati-citrullinated peptides (ACP) are the powerful markers to diagnose the RA disease. This review discusses three main risk factors of RA to understand the RA pathogenesis and disease-modifying mechanisms, may provide a unique opportunity to determine disease prevalence and RA associations.
类风湿性关节炎（RA）是瓜氨酸化肽翻译后修饰缺陷，会导致关节滑膜炎症。本综述阐述了RA的基本机制以及分子机制的根本原因。讨论了基于性别的RA病因差异和概率。许多报告研究支持女性比男性更容易患RA，这可能怀疑循环雌激素激素16α-羟基雌酮、2-羟基雌激素参与了RA的发病机制。还讨论了其他重要方面，如环境因素和空气污染物（如二氧化硫和二氧化氮）对RA风险的影响和增强作用。RA中肽基精氨酸脱亚氨酶（PAD）酶的发病机制根本原因和自身免疫因素了解甚少，然而，抗瓜氨酸化肽（ACP）是诊断RA疾病的有力标志物。本综述讨论了RA的三个主要危险因素，以了解RA的发病机制和疾病修饰机制，可能为确定疾病患病率和RA关联提供独特机会。
