School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19th XinJieKouWai St, HaiDian District, Beijing 100875, PR China.
School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19th XinJieKouWai St, HaiDian District, Beijing 100875, PR China.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Dec 1;746:140763. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140763. Epub 2020 Jul 10.
Due to human's diversified requirements and the constraints of external environmental factors, lead-acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries coexist and compete with each other now. However, the difference of internal and external characteristics between the two battery systems is unknown. Based on the analysis of the internal flows and its impact on the external environment, this research established a framework for the relationship between the battery system and the external systems. The internal and external evaluation index system was developed. The external influence results of the two systems in China mainland at 2016 show that when the amount of social service provided by lead-acid battery system (LABS) was 1.6 times more than that of lithium-ion battery system (LIBS), the consumed lead ore was 52 times more than the lithium ore; the total energy consumption of the systems was 23.12 million tce, and that of the LABS accounted for about 63%; waste lead emissions was 2.7 million tons, and the waste lithium emissions was 40,900 tons lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE); the total economic outcomes were 220.23 billion yuan, and the proportion of that in LABS was about 44.4%. The recycle rates of LABS and LIBS were 0.368 and 0, respectively; the energy density of the LIB was 4.4 times of that in LAB; the "price" of the lithium in lithium ore and LIB were about 12 times and 3 times of that in LAB. The management suggestions on sustainable development were put forward from the aspects of waste recycling, product structure in the application field and product performance. What's more, future plan was discussed for the sustainable development.
由于人类的多样化需求以及外部环境因素的限制，现在铅酸电池和锂离子电池并存并相互竞争。然而，这两种电池系统的内部和外部特性的差异尚不清楚。基于对内部流动及其对外部环境的影响的分析，本研究建立了电池系统与外部系统之间关系的框架。开发了内部和外部评价指标体系。中国内地 2016 年两个系统的外部影响结果表明，当铅酸电池系统（LABS）提供的社会服务量是锂离子电池系统（LIBS）的 1.6 倍时，消耗的铅矿石是锂矿石的 52 倍；两个系统的总能源消耗为 2312 万吨标准煤，其中 LABS 约占 63%；废铅排放量为 270 万吨，废锂排放量为 40900 吨碳酸锂当量（LCE）；总经济成果为 2202.3 亿元，其中 LABS 约占 44.4%。LABS 和 LIBS 的回收率分别为 0.368 和 0；LIB 的能量密度是 LAB 的 4.4 倍；锂矿石和 LIB 中锂的“价格”分别约为 LAB 的 12 倍和 3 倍。从废物回收、应用领域产品结构和产品性能等方面提出了可持续发展的管理建议。此外，还讨论了可持续发展的未来计划。
