University of Bucharest, Center for Environmental Research, 1 N. Balcescu, 010041, Bucharest, Romania.
University of Bucharest, Center for Environmental Research, 1 N. Balcescu, 010041, Bucharest, Romania; Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology and Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources (Center of '3B'), Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
J Environ Manage. 2020 Nov 1;273:111152. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111152. Epub 2020 Aug 7.
Romanian grasslands have high nature value, being among the most important biodiversity hotspots at the European level. The European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) contradicts the Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 objectives by hindering coordinated grassland governance and collaboration among the involved actors. At the European level, few attempts have been made in creating conceptual strategies for implementing conservation measures in a multi-actor and multi-scale governance setting. Our paper focuses on a comparative network analysis of grassland governance of three Romanian regions (Iron Gates Natural Park - SW; Sighisoara - Tarnava Mare - center; and Dobrogea - SE), representatives for grassland management in mountain and lowland landscapes. We investigated the structural characteristics of one-mode directed governance networks in the three protected areas (standard cohesion and reciprocity metrics, exponential random graph models), the position of actors participating in networks (node-level centrality metrics), and the perception of CAP influence on grassland governance by farmers benefiting of CAP agri-environmental payments. In Sighisoara, grassland governance has been centralized but biodiversity-friendly, while in Iron Gates, grasslands were traditionally managed through a decentralized, community-level system, and this type of governance continues to date. In Dobrogea, grassland governance was performed in an intensive, centralized state-run management regime during the communist time and by large landowners after the transition period ended. Our findings illustrate the structure of the three governance networks and dissimilar patterns of collaboration, indicating distinct particularities to be considered when exploring barriers to and options for successful governance in traditionally managed grasslands in the context of CAP measures-driven management.
罗马尼亚草原具有很高的自然价值，是欧洲最重要的生物多样性热点之一。欧盟共同农业政策（CAP）阻碍了协调草原治理以及相关行为者之间的合作，与 2020 年生物多样性战略目标相矛盾。在欧洲层面，很少有人试图在多行为者和多尺度治理背景下创建实施保护措施的概念性战略。我们的论文侧重于对罗马尼亚三个地区（铁门自然公园-SW；锡吉什瓦拉-特纳瓦马雷-中心；多布罗加-东南）草原治理的比较网络分析，这些地区代表了山地和低地景观中的草原管理。我们研究了三个保护区内单模有向治理网络的结构特征（标准凝聚和互惠性指标、指数随机图模型）、参与网络的行为者的位置（节点级中心性指标），以及受益于 CAP 农业环境支付的农民对 CAP 对草原治理影响的看法。在锡吉什瓦拉，草原治理虽然集中，但有利于生物多样性；而在铁门，草原传统上通过分散的社区层面系统进行管理，这种类型的治理至今仍在继续。在多布罗加，共产主义时期草原治理是在集中的、由国家管理的密集型制度下进行的，而在过渡时期结束后则由大地主进行。我们的研究结果说明了三个治理网络的结构以及合作的不同模式，这表明在 CAP 措施驱动管理背景下探索传统管理草原的成功治理的障碍和选择时，需要考虑不同的特殊性。
