University of Bucharest, Center for Environmental Research and Impact Studies, 1 Nicolae Balcescu, 010041, Bucharest, Romania.
University of Bucharest, Center for Environmental Research and Impact Studies, 1 Nicolae Balcescu, 010041, Bucharest, Romania.
J Environ Manage. 2018 Apr 15;212:54-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.076. Epub 2018 Feb 8.
Successful management of complex social-ecological landscapes overlapping Natura 2000 sites requires collaboration between various actors such as law enforcement agencies, NGOs and enterprises. Natura 2000 governance is stimulated by central actors (e.g., Natura 2000 administrators), with successes and failures of management activities depending on the capacity of the network leader to implement a collaborative approach to environmental governance. By using social network analysis, we analysed the cooperation, information flow and capacity for collective action within Natura 2000 governance networks within two Romanian protected areas: Lower Siret Floodplain and Iron Gates Natural Park. The two networks represent protected areas managed by different types of organisations (i.e., Lower Siret Floodplain - by an NGO, Iron Gates Natural Park - by a public entity). Taking into consideration that NGOs may favour an adaptive co-management, while the public bodies may take a top-down management approach, we hypothesize that Lower Siret Floodplain will have a more cohesive and collaborating network compared to Iron Gates Natural Park, and that there will be a greater representation of private and NGO sector in the network coordinated by Lower Siret Floodplain. Contrary to our expectations, the results show that collaboration patterns are similar in the two networks, although they are governed by two different types of institutions, both being less participative than expected, with low involvement of NGOs and private stakeholders. Furthermore, Lower Siret Floodplain network is surprisingly more centralized around a small number of public authorities, and the pre-existing power of public bodies likely inhibit the capacity of the NGO to collaborate with private stakeholders. We also found lower collaboration levels between actors in the network periphery with other organisations from the same cluster, denoting a clear top-down approach of the management in both networks. Our findings suggest that delegating the protected areas administration to NGOs, a solution to increase the use of co-management in protected areas, does not solve the poor representation of private stakeholders.
成功管理重叠自然 2000 地点的复杂社会-生态景观需要执法机构、非政府组织和企业等各种行为者之间的合作。自然 2000 治理受到核心行为者（例如自然 2000 管理员）的刺激，管理活动的成败取决于网络领导者实施环境治理协作方法的能力。通过使用社会网络分析，我们分析了罗马尼亚两个保护区内自然 2000 治理网络中的合作、信息流和集体行动能力：下叙尔采平原和铁门自然公园。这两个网络代表了由不同类型组织管理的保护区（即，下叙尔采平原-由非政府组织管理，铁门自然公园-由公共实体管理）。考虑到非政府组织可能赞成适应性共同管理，而公共机构可能采取自上而下的管理方法，我们假设下叙尔采平原与铁门自然公园相比，将拥有更具凝聚力和协作性的网络，并且在由下叙尔采平原协调的网络中，将有更多的私营部门和非政府组织部门的代表。与我们的预期相反，结果表明，尽管这两个网络由两种不同类型的机构管理，但合作模式相似，而且都不如预期的那么具有参与性，非政府组织和私营利益相关者的参与度较低。此外，下叙尔采平原网络令人惊讶地更加集中在少数公共当局周围，而公共机构的现有权力可能会抑制非政府组织与私营利益相关者合作的能力。我们还发现网络外围的行为者与同一集群中的其他组织之间的合作水平较低，这表明在两个网络中都存在明确的自上而下的管理方法。我们的研究结果表明，将保护区管理委托给非政府组织，以增加共同管理在保护区中的使用，这并不能解决私营利益相关者代表性不足的问题。
