Yale University.
Child Dev. 2020 Sep;91(5):e1082-e1100. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13390. Epub 2020 Aug 12.
Two studies examined whether children (5- and 6-year-olds; 8- and 9-year-olds, n = 214) and adults (n = 72) consider social relationship when evaluating unhelpful or helpful actions. Participants learned about a person-in-need who was (or was not) helped by someone they knew (a friend) and someone they did not know (a stranger). Older children and adults judged an unhelpful friend as meaner than an unhelpful stranger, and judged a helpful stranger as nicer than a helpful friend. Younger children did not judge an unhelpful friend as any meaner than an unhelpful stranger, and they judged a helpful friend as nicer than a helpful stranger. These findings suggest that a mature appreciation of how social relationship matters for evaluation emerges relatively late in development.
两项研究考察了儿童（5-6 岁；8-9 岁，n=214）和成人（n=72）在评估无益或有益行为时是否会考虑社会关系。参与者了解了一个需要帮助的人，这个人是（或不是）被他们认识的人（朋友）和他们不认识的人（陌生人）帮助。年龄较大的儿童和成人认为不帮忙的朋友比不帮忙的陌生人更刻薄，而认为有帮助的陌生人比有帮助的朋友更好。年幼的孩子并不认为不帮忙的朋友比不帮忙的陌生人更刻薄，他们认为有帮助的朋友比有帮助的陌生人更好。这些发现表明，对社会关系对评价的重要性的成熟认识在发展后期才出现。
