Koehler K, Guth W, Grimm G
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977 Jul;34(7):810-3. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770190072007.
First-rank symptoms of schizophrenia, such as thought insertion, thought broadcasting, "made" volition, and delusional perception, were introduced for purposes of diagnosis into a German university clinic. Such "Schneiderian" criteria were evaluated in 210 case records. Ratings employed formal definitions. Of 210 records examined, 69 (33%) of the schizophrenic patients had first-rank symptoms. The frequency of finding such symptoms in a group of schizophrenics is compared to other reports. There are considerable differences in frequency of individual symptoms as well as total number of such symptoms across centers, but the use of precisely agreed on definitions of first-rank symptoms may lead to better agreement.
精神分裂症的一级症状，如思维插入、思维播散、“被强加的”意志和妄想性知觉，被引入一所德国大学诊所用于诊断目的。在210份病例记录中对这类“施奈德式”标准进行了评估。评级采用了正式定义。在检查的210份记录中，69名（33%）精神分裂症患者有一级症状。将一组精神分裂症患者中发现此类症状的频率与其他报告进行了比较。各中心在个体症状的频率以及此类症状的总数方面存在相当大的差异，但使用精确商定的一级症状定义可能会导致更高的一致性。
