Late follow-up of children after heart transplantation.

The majority of late recipients of heart transplantation have returned to age-appropriate activities and are showing normal linear growth. The only child who has significant symptoms is an 11-year-old heart-lung transplant recipient who developed airway rejection with restrictive pulmonary function 14 months after transplantation. Rejection continues to be a major threat to these children more than a year removed from their transplantation procedure. Until a satisfactory noninvasive method is developed to monitor graft rejection, endomyocardial biopsies will continue to be performed at 6-month intervals. Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity and systemic hypertension remain important and unresolved problems that could limit the initial success of transplantation. We believe that heart transplantation is an acceptable option for children with end-stage heart and heart-lung disease who have a grim outlook. Future improvements in immune suppression, and the development of improved methods of assessing rejection, will allow for improved survival.