Center for Research, Training, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
School of Physical Education and Sports, National University of Education Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Lima, Peru.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020 Dec;30(12):2408-2419. doi: 10.1111/sms.13807. Epub 2020 Oct 24.
We use a multivariate multilevel model to study the links between physical fitness (PF) and gross motor coordination (GMC) and investigate the influence of predictors affecting their levels across age. We sampled 7918 Peruvians, aged 6-15 years, from sea-level, Amazon region and high-altitude. Composite markers of GMC and PF were derived (GMC and PF , respectively). BMI, biological maturation, and stunting were assessed. School characteristics were obtained via an objective audit. School contexts explained 35% of the associations between PF and GMC , whereas children's characteristics explained 65% of the total variation. On average, with increasing age, there was a greater increase in GMC (β = 0.79 ± 0.04, P < .001) than in PF (β = 0.15 ± 0.03, P < .001); boys outperformed girls (PF , β = 3.25 ± 0.08, P < .001; GMC , β = 1.58 ± 0.09, P < .001); those with lower BMI and ahead in their maturation had higher PF (β = -0.13 ± 0.01, P < .001; β = 1.09 ± 0.05, P < .001, respectively) and GMC (β = -0.18 ± 0.01, P < .001; β = 0.39 ± 0.06, P < .001, respectively) levels. Stunting was negatively related to PF (β = -0.30 ± 0.07; P < .001) and GMC (β = -0.30 ± 0.08, P < .001) and high-altitude Peruvians had significantly lower GMC (β = -0.93 ± 0.33, P < .001), and those living in the Amazon region had significantly higher PF (β = 1.21 ± 0.58, P < .001) compared to those living at sea level. A higher number of students was negatively related to PF (β = -0.016 ± 0.006, P < .001) and positively with GMC (β = 0.005 ± 0.003, P < .001); the duration of physical education classes was positively associated with PF (β = 0.70 ± 0.32, P < .001) and GMC (β = 0.46 ± 0.15, P < .001); and the existence of policies for physical activity was only negatively associated with GMC (β = -1.17 ± 0.34, P < .001). In conclusion, PF and GMC were positively correlated and child- and school-level traits predicted their levels.
我们使用多元多层模型研究身体素质（PF）和大运动协调（GMC）之间的联系，并调查影响其年龄间水平的预测因子的影响。我们从海平面、亚马逊地区和高海拔地区抽取了 7918 名年龄在 6-15 岁的秘鲁人。得出了 GMC 和 PF 的综合标志物（分别为 GMC 和 PF）。评估了 BMI、生物成熟度和发育迟缓。通过客观审计获得了学校特征。学校环境解释了 PF 和 GMC 之间关联的 35%，而儿童特征解释了总变异的 65%。平均而言，随着年龄的增长，GMC 的增长幅度大于 PF（β=0.79±0.04，P<0.001）；男孩优于女孩（PF，β=3.25±0.08，P<0.001；GMC，β=1.58±0.09，P<0.001）；BMI 较低且发育提前的儿童 PF（β=-0.13±0.01，P<0.001；β=1.09±0.05，P<0.001）和 GMC（β=-0.18±0.01，P<0.001；β=0.39±0.06，P<0.001）水平较高。发育迟缓与 PF（β=-0.30±0.07；P<0.001）和 GMC（β=-0.30±0.08，P<0.001）呈负相关，高海拔地区的秘鲁人 GMC 明显较低（β=-0.93±0.33，P<0.001），而生活在亚马逊地区的人 PF 明显较高（β=1.21±0.58，P<0.001），而生活在海平面的人则明显较高。学生人数的增加与 PF（β=-0.016±0.006，P<0.001）呈负相关，与 GMC 呈正相关（β=0.005±0.003，P<0.001）；体育课的时长与 PF（β=0.70±0.32，P<0.001）和 GMC（β=0.46±0.15，P<0.001）呈正相关；而体育活动政策的存在仅与 GMC 呈负相关（β=-1.17±0.34，P<0.001）。总之，PF 和 GMC 呈正相关，儿童和学校特征预测了它们的水平。
