Background Despite the wide use of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) for enhanced MRI, their neurochemical and behavioral consequences, if any, remain poorly understood. Purpose To investigate the effect of repeated exposure to a linear or macrocyclic GBCA on gadolinium retention in the central and peripheral nervous system of rats and to assess the functional implications of such retention on hippocampal neurogenesis and sensory and cognitive processing. Materials and Methods Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats (4 weeks old) received intraperitoneal injections of gadoterate meglumine (0.6 or 2.5 mmol per kilogram of body weight), gadodiamide (0.6 or 2.5 mmol/kg), or saline daily for 20 days (February 2018-March 2019). The 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine injections were administered every 3 days to determine the number of proliferating cells and the number of newly maturing neurons in the hippocampus. Sensory and cognitive behavioral tests were performed to assess the effect of GBCAs on pain sensitivity and spatial working memory function, respectively. Finally, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis was used to quantify gadolinium retention in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves 24 hours after the last GBCA administration. One-way and mixed-design analyses of variance were used for statistical analysis. Results All GBCAs resulted in significant gadolinium retention in central and peripheral nervous tissues (1.8-333.2 nmol Gd/g tissue). Pain hypersensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli ( < .001) was observed after gadodiamide exposure in rats but not after gadoterate meglumine exposure. Rats injected with both GBCAs showed no changes in spatial working memory or in hippocampal cell proliferation and maturation. Conclusion Gadolinium was retained in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves in rats exposed to multiple administrations of linear and macrocyclic contrast agents. Gadodiamide (linear contrast agent) but not gadoterate meglumine (macrocyclic contrast agent) led to pain hypersensitivity, but neither affected spatial working memory performance, hippocampal cellular proliferation, or hippocampal neurogenesis. © RSNA, 2020 See also the editorial by Radbruch in this issue.