Chemical carcinogenesis.

The field of chemical carcinogenesis is reviewed, with emphasis on three aspects: 1) environmental chemicals are a major cause of human cancer; 2) most chemical carcinogens require metabolic activation by mixed-function oxidases to electrophilic metabolites that form strong covalent chemical bonds with cellular macromolecules and thereby initiate the carcinogenic process; and 3) several systems are available in which normal cells can be transformed by chemical carcinogens into malignant cancer cells. Much has been learned about the cellular mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis using these systems. They also have considerable potential to be used as prescreens for environmental carcinogens.