Hassan Abdallah, Sharma Kandel Rajan, Mishra Rohi, Gautam Jeevan, Alaref Amer, Jahan Nusrat
Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.
Diagnostic Radiology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.
Cureus. 2020 Aug 18;12(8):e9853. doi: 10.7759/cureus.9853.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common chronic metabolic disease. Parkinson's disease (PD) is considered one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. There are many similarities between both conditions. Both disorders are chronic diseases. Both diseases result from a decrease in a specific substance: dopamine in PD, and insulin in DM. Besides, both disorders arise due to the destruction of particular cells, dopaminergic cells in PD, and pancreatic beta-cell in DM. Recently, many epidemiological and experimental studies showed a connection between DM and PD. There are common underlying mechanisms in the pathophysiology of both diseases. These underlying mechanisms include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and inflammation. Insulin resistance is indeed the hallmark of DM, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which plays a significant role in these pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms. Besides, many studies revealed that anti-diabetic drugs have a beneficial effect on PD. In this current literature review, we aim to explore the standard pathophysiological and molecular linkages between these two disorders as well as how DM could affect the incidence and progression of PD. We also review how anti-diabetic drugs impact PD. In the future, further experimental and expanded clinical studies are needed to fully understand the exact pathophysiological connections between the two disorders and the efficacy of insulin and other anti-diabetic drugs in the treatment of PD in diabetic patients. Fully understanding and targeting these pathophysiological and molecular links could result in de novo curative therapy for PD and DM.
糖尿病（DM）是最常见的慢性代谢性疾病。帕金森病（PD）被认为是最常见的神经退行性疾病之一。这两种病症之间存在许多相似之处。两种疾病均为慢性病。两种疾病均由特定物质减少所致：PD 中的多巴胺以及 DM 中的胰岛素。此外，两种疾病均因特定细胞的破坏而引发，PD 中的多巴胺能细胞以及 DM 中的胰腺β细胞。最近，许多流行病学和实验研究表明 DM 与 PD 之间存在关联。两种疾病的病理生理学存在共同的潜在机制。这些潜在机制包括线粒体功能障碍、氧化应激、高血糖和炎症。胰岛素抵抗确实是 DM 的标志，尤其是 2 型糖尿病（T2DM），它在这些病理生理和分子机制中起着重要作用。此外，许多研究表明抗糖尿病药物对 PD 有有益作用。在本次文献综述中，我们旨在探讨这两种疾病之间的标准病理生理和分子联系，以及 DM 如何影响 PD 的发病率和进展。我们还综述了抗糖尿病药物如何影响 PD。未来，需要进一步的实验和扩大的临床研究，以充分了解这两种疾病之间确切的病理生理联系，以及胰岛素和其他抗糖尿病药物在糖尿病患者 PD 治疗中的疗效。充分理解并针对这些病理生理和分子联系可能会为 PD 和 DM 带来全新的治愈性疗法。
