Beernink Anne-Claire E, Swinkels Sophie H N, Van der Gaag Rutger Jan, Buitelaar Jan K
Department of Cognitive Neurosciences (204), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Email:
Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, the Netherlands.
Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2012 May;17(2):113-120. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00616.x. Epub 2011 Jul 11.
To evaluate effects of attentional/ hyperactive (Att/Hi) and oppositional/ aggressive (Opp/Agg) behaviours of children at 14 and 21 months of age on parenting stress at 21 months.
107 children from the general population with low, intermediate, and high levels of disruptive behaviours at 14 months, as evaluated by parents on a 55-item checklist, participated. Parents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist 1.5-5 and the Dutch version of Parenting Stress Index (NOSI) at 21 months. Effects of problem behaviours were examined in a 2 (Att/Hi and Opp/Agg) by 2 (not high versus high) by 2 (14 and 21 months) multivariate design with parental stress as dependent variable.
Oppositional/ aggressive behaviour at 14 months had a strong main effect on parenting stress, but not at 21 months. There was a significant interaction between parenting stress and Att/Hi behaviour at 14 and 21 months, indicating that increase in these behaviours over time was associated with parenting stress. Both Opp/Agg behaviour and an interaction between Att/Hi behaviour and parenting stress contributed to maternal role restriction and social isolation. Oppositional/ aggressive behaviour led to higher scores for parental competence and depression, whereas Att/Hi behaviour led to lower scores for attachment.
Early Opp/Agg and Att/Hi behaviour had differential effects on parenting stress at 21 months. The increase in parenting stress associated with early Opp/Agg behaviour may be linked to overall feelings of parental competence, whereas the course of Att/Hi behaviour may be associated with increased demands on parent-child interactions and attachment. Our results have implications for development of early intervention programmes.
评估14个月和21个月大儿童的注意力不集中/多动（Att/Hi）和对立/攻击（Opp/Agg）行为对21个月大时父母压力的影响。
107名来自普通人群的儿童参与研究，父母根据一份55项清单评估，这些儿童在14个月时具有低、中、高水平的破坏性行为。父母在孩子21个月时完成了儿童行为检查表1.5 - 5以及荷兰版的父母压力指数（NOSI）。以父母压力为因变量，采用2（Att/Hi和Opp/Agg）×2（不高与高）×2（14个月和21个月）多变量设计来检验问题行为的影响。
14个月时的对立/攻击行为对父母压力有很强的主效应，但在21个月时没有。在14个月和21个月时，父母压力与Att/Hi行为之间存在显著交互作用，表明这些行为随时间的增加与父母压力相关。Opp/Agg行为以及Att/Hi行为与父母压力之间的交互作用都导致了母亲角色限制和社会隔离。对立/攻击行为导致父母能力和抑郁得分更高，而Att/Hi行为导致依恋得分更低。
早期的Opp/Agg和Att/Hi行为对21个月时的父母压力有不同影响。与早期Opp/Agg行为相关的父母压力增加可能与父母对自身能力的总体感受有关，而Att/Hi行为的变化过程可能与对亲子互动和依恋的要求增加有关。我们的结果对早期干预项目的发展具有启示意义。
