US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 141 Experiment Station Road, PO Box 225, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA.
Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
Nutr J. 2020 Aug 26;19(1):91. doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00610-3.
Children's food preference and intake patterns are affected by parental child feeding practices. The objective was to determine patterns of food parenting practices regarding junk food and sugary drinks (JS) and investigate their associations with demographic characteristics and dietary intake in a large cohort of parents and their children (12-17 years).
Dyadic survey data from the cross-sectional, internet-based Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating Study, conducted in 2014, were analyzed using latent class analysis to identify patterns of use for six JS parenting practices - negative emotions, restriction, monitoring, availability, modeling, and child involvement - based on parent and child report. Model covariates included self-reported parent and child sex, age (child only), body mass index category (based on height and weight), added sugars intake, and legitimacy of parental authority.
Based on 1657 parent-child dyads, five parenting practice patterns were identified representing different levels of practice use - Complete Influencers (28%; reference class), Indifferent Influencers (21%), Negative Influencers (20%), Minimal Influencers (18%), and Disagreeing Influencers (13%). Compared to older child dyads, younger child dyads were less likely to belong to Indifferent and Minimal Influencers (79 and 63% lower odds, respectively). Greater parent added sugars intake increased the odds of belonging to Indifferent and Negative Influencers (4 and 5% higher for every teaspoon increase, respectively) while greater child added sugars intake decreased the odds of belonging to Minimal Influencers (6% lower for every teaspoon increase). Compared to dyads with high scores, dyads with low child scores for legitimacy of parental authority regarding JS were 18 times as likely to belong to Disagreeing Influencers.
The study findings suggest that parents utilize distinct patterns of feeding practices regarding JS ranging from use of many practices, use of some practices, to low use of any practice, with differential associations with parent and child intakes of added sugars. Counseling or intervening with parents to use a mix of structure practices, such as availability and modeling, to positively influence their child's and possibly their own intake of sugary snacks and drinks may prove more efficacious than use of coercive control practices, such as negative emotions.
儿童的食物偏好和摄入模式受父母养育子女的方式影响。本研究旨在确定与垃圾食品和含糖饮料（JS）相关的养育实践模式，并调查这些模式与人口统计学特征和大量父母及其子女（12-17 岁）饮食摄入的关联。
使用潜在类别分析，对 2014 年进行的基于互联网的家庭生活、活动、阳光、健康和饮食研究的横断面调查数据进行分析，根据父母和儿童报告，确定 6 种 JS 养育实践模式的使用模式，包括负面情绪、限制、监控、供应、示范和儿童参与。模型协变量包括自我报告的父母和儿童性别、年龄（仅儿童）、体重指数类别（基于身高和体重）、添加糖摄入量和父母权威的合法性。
基于 1657 对父母-子女对子，确定了 5 种养育实践模式，代表不同的实践使用水平，包括完全影响者（28%，参考类）、冷漠影响者（21%）、负面影响者（20%）、最小影响者（18%）和不同意影响者（13%）。与年龄较大的儿童对子相比，年龄较小的儿童对子不太可能属于冷漠和最小影响者（分别低 79%和 63%）。父母添加糖摄入量增加会增加属于冷漠和负面影响者的可能性（每增加一茶匙分别增加 4%和 5%），而儿童添加糖摄入量增加会降低属于最小影响者的可能性（每增加一茶匙减少 6%）。与儿童分数高的对子相比，JS 中父母权威合法性分数低的对子属于不同意影响者的可能性高 18 倍。
研究结果表明，父母在 JS 方面采用不同的养育实践模式，从使用多种实践、使用一些实践到低使用任何实践，与父母和儿童添加糖摄入量的不同关联。与使用强制性控制实践（如负面情绪）相比，对父母进行咨询或干预，让他们使用结构实践（如供应和示范）的组合，以积极影响他们孩子和可能自己对含糖零食和饮料的摄入，可能会更有效。
