College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA.
Beaumont Health System, 5450 Fort St, Trenton, MI 48183, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Aug 26;21(17):6148. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176148.
(Mtb) is a highly infectious acid-fast bacillus and is known to cause tuberculosis (TB) in humans. It is a leading cause of death from a sole infectious agent, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths yearly worldwide, and up to one third of the world's population has been infected with TB. The virulence and susceptibility of Mtb are further amplified in the presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Coinfection with Mtb and HIV forms a lethal combination. Previous studies had demonstrated the synergistic effects of Mtb and HIV, with one disease accelerating the disease progression of the other through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of the immune response to these two pathogens. The response of the endosomal pattern recognition receptors to these two pathogens, specifically toll-like receptors (TLR)-3, -7, and -9, has not been elucidated, with some studies producing mixed results. This article seeks to review the roles of TLR-3, -7, and -9 in response to Mtb infection, as well as Mtb-HIV-coinfection via Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing INF-β (TRIF)-dependent and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathways.
（结核分枝杆菌）是一种高度传染性的抗酸杆菌，已知会导致人类结核病（TB）。它是单一传染病原导致死亡的主要原因，全世界每年估计有 150 万人死亡，多达三分之一的世界人口已感染结核分枝杆菌。在人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）存在的情况下，结核分枝杆菌的毒力和易感性进一步放大。结核分枝杆菌和 HIV 的合并感染形成了致命的组合。以前的研究已经证明了结核分枝杆菌和 HIV 的协同作用，一种疾病通过多种机制加速另一种疾病的进展，包括对这两种病原体的免疫反应的调节。内体模式识别受体对这两种病原体的反应，特别是 Toll 样受体（TLR）-3、-7 和 -9，尚未阐明，一些研究结果产生了混合结果。本文旨在综述 TLR-3、-7 和 -9 在结核分枝杆菌感染以及结核分枝杆菌-人类免疫缺陷病毒合并感染中的作用，通过 Toll-白细胞介素 1 受体（TIR）结构域包含衔接子诱导 IFN-β（TRIF）依赖性和髓样分化因子 88（MyD88）依赖性途径。
