Reverse Electrodialysis: Co- and Counterflow Optimization of Multistage Configurations for Maximum Energy Efficiency.

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is one of the techniques able to harvest energy from the salinity gradient between different salt solutions. There is a tradeoff between efficiency and generated power in a RED stack. This paper focuses on efficiency. A simple model is presented to calculate the efficiency in a co-flow or counterflow operated stack. Moreover, the efficiency can be improved by applying multistaging; the stacks in such a system can also be interconnected externally in co- and counterflow. The four combinations of internally and externally flow modes are the base of further considerations concerning procedures for optimization of these configurations. Three methods for optimization the energy efficiency in a multistage system are discussed: (A) successively maximizing the power of each individual stage, (B) maximizing the power of the whole system by adjusting the electrical current in all stages simultaneously, and (C) maximizing the power of the whole system by adjusting the same current through each stage. Method C is the most attractive because it only requires one converter (cheaper and easier to control) while the results are hardly inferior to B and much better than A. An alternative to multistaging is electrode segmentation and the advantages and disadvantages of both systems are briefly discussed.