Field Epidemiology Training Programme, Public Health England, UK.
Field Service North West, National Infection Service, Public Health England, UK.
Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2021 Mar;15(2):270-277. doi: 10.1111/irv.12801. Epub 2020 Sep 1.
During the first wave of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic in England in 2009, morbidity and mortality were higher in patients of South Asian (Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi) ethnic minority groups.
This study aims to provide insights in the representation of this group among reported cases, indicating susceptibility and exposure.
All laboratory-confirmed cases including basic demographic and limited clinical information that were reported to the FluZone surveillance system between April and October 2009 were retrieved. Missing ethnicity data were imputed using the previously developed and validated South Asian Names and Group Recognition Algorithm (SANGRA). Differences between ethnic groups were calculated using chi-square, log-rank and t tests and rate ratios. Geographic clustering was compared using Ripley's K functions.
SANGRA identified 2447 (28%) of the total of 8748 reported cases as South Asian. South Asian cases were younger (P < .001), more often male (P = .002) and more often from deprived areas (P < .001) than cases of other ethnic groups. Time between onset of symptoms and laboratory sampling was longer in this group (P < .001), and they were less often advised antiviral treatment (P < .001), however, declined treatment less. The highest cumulative incidence was seen in the West Midlands region (32.7/10 000), London (7.0/10 000) and East of England region (5.7/10 000).
People of South Asian ethnic groups were disproportionally affected by the first wave of the influenza pandemic in England in 2009. The findings presented contribute to further understanding of demographic, socioeconomic and ethnic factors of the outbreak and inform future influenza preparedness to ensure appropriate prevention and care.
2009 年，甲型 H1N1pdm09 流感在英国爆发的第一波疫情中，南亚（印度、巴基斯坦或孟加拉）少数族裔患者的发病率和死亡率较高。
本研究旨在深入了解该群体在报告病例中的代表性，指出其易感性和暴露情况。
检索了 2009 年 4 月至 10 月期间向 FluZone 监测系统报告的所有实验室确诊病例，包括基本人口统计学和有限的临床信息。使用先前开发和验证的南亚姓名和群体识别算法（SANGRA）对缺失的种族数据进行了推断。使用卡方检验、对数秩检验和 t 检验以及率比计算了不同种族之间的差异。使用 Ripley 的 K 函数比较了地理聚类。
SANGRA 确定了 8748 例报告病例中有 2447 例（28%）为南亚裔。南亚裔病例更年轻（P<0.001）、更多为男性（P=0.002）、更多来自贫困地区（P<0.001），与其他族裔病例相比。该组的症状出现和实验室采样之间的时间间隔较长（P<0.001），接受抗病毒治疗的建议较少（P<0.001），但拒绝治疗的情况较少。发病率最高的地区是西米德兰兹地区（32.7/10000）、伦敦（7.0/10000）和英格兰东部地区（5.7/10000）。
2009 年，在英国爆发的甲型 H1N1pdm09 流感第一波疫情中，南亚族裔人群受到了不成比例的影响。本研究结果有助于进一步了解疫情的人口统计学、社会经济和种族因素，并为未来的流感准备工作提供信息，以确保提供适当的预防和护理。
