Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
Aquatic Animal Health Research Team (AQHT), Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
J Invertebr Pathol. 2021 Nov;186:107458. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107458. Epub 2020 Sep 1.
Disease is a major limiting factor in the global production of cultivated shrimp. The microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) was formally characterized in 2009 as a rare infection of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. It remained relatively unstudied until mid-2010, after which infection with EHP became increasingly common in the Pacific whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei, by then the most common shrimp species farmed in Asia. EHP infects the hepatopancreas of its host, causing hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM), a condition that has been associated with slow growth of the host in aquaculture settings. Unlike other infectious disease agents that have caused economic losses in global shrimp aquaculture, EHP has proven more challenging because too little is still known about its environmental reservoirs and modes of transmission during the industrial shrimp production process. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the EHP life cycle and the molecular strategies that it employs as an obligate intracellular parasite. It also provides an analysis of available and new methodologies for diagnosis since most of the current literature on EHP focuses on that topic. We summarize current knowledge of EHP infection and transmission dynamics and currently recommended, practical control measures that are being applied to limit its negative impact on shrimp cultivation. We also point out the major gaps in knowledge that urgently need to be bridged in order to improve control measures.
疾病是全球养殖虾生产的主要限制因素。微孢子虫寄生虫肝胰腺微孢子虫（EHP）于 2009 年被正式描述为黑虎虾斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）的罕见感染。直到 2010 年年中，EHP 的感染在太平洋白对虾凡纳滨对虾（Penaeus vannamei）中变得越来越普遍，而那时它已经是亚洲养殖最普遍的虾种。EHP 感染宿主的肝胰腺，导致肝胰腺微孢子虫病（HPM），这种情况与宿主在水产养殖环境中的生长缓慢有关。与其他在全球虾类养殖中造成经济损失的传染病病原体不同，EHP 更具挑战性，因为人们对其环境储库及其在工业虾生产过程中的传播方式仍然知之甚少。这篇综述总结了我们目前对 EHP 生命周期的认识，以及它作为一种专性细胞内寄生虫所采用的分子策略。它还分析了现有的和新的诊断方法，因为大多数关于 EHP 的当前文献都集中在这个主题上。我们总结了当前关于 EHP 感染和传播动态的知识，以及目前推荐的实用控制措施，这些措施正在被应用于限制其对虾类养殖的负面影响。我们还指出了需要紧急弥合的主要知识差距，以便改进控制措施。
