Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation Research Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
J Med Entomol. 2021 Jan 12;58(1):350-364. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjaa160.
Bluetongue is a viral disease affecting wild and domestic ruminants transmitted by several species of biting midges Culicoides Latreille. The phenology of these insects were analyzed in relation to potential environmental drivers. Data from 329 sites in Spain were analyzed using Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) approaches. The effects of environmental factors on adult female seasonality were contrasted. Obsoletus complex species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) were the most prevalent across sites, followed by Culicoides newsteadi Austen (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Activity of female Obsoletus complex species was longest in sites at low elevation, with warmer spring average temperatures and precipitation, as well as in sites with high abundance of cattle. The length of the Culicoides imicola Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) female adult season was also longest in sites at low elevation with higher coverage of broad-leaved vegetation. Long adult seasons of C. newsteadi were found in sites with warmer autumns and higher precipitation, high abundance of sheep. Culicoides pulicaris (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) had longer adult periods in sites with a greater number of accumulated degree days over 10°C during winter. These results demonstrate the eco-climatic and seasonal differences among these four taxa in Spain, which may contribute to determining sites with suitable environmental circumstances for each particular species to inform assessments of the risk of Bluetongue virus outbreaks in this region.
蓝舌病是一种影响野生和家养反刍动物的病毒性疾病，由几种刺蝇科库蠓属昆虫传播。对这些昆虫的物候学进行了分析，以了解潜在的环境驱动因素。使用贝叶斯广义线性混合模型 (GLMM) 方法分析了来自西班牙 329 个地点的数据。对比了环境因素对雌性成虫季节性的影响。普遍存在的是 Obsoletus 复合体物种（双翅目：蠓科），其次是 Culicoides newsteadi Austen（双翅目：蠓科）。在海拔较低、春季平均气温和降水较高以及牛群数量较多的地点，Obsoletus 复合体物种的雌性活动期最长。Culicoides imicola Kieffer（双翅目：蠓科）的雌性成虫季节也在海拔较低、阔叶植被覆盖率较高的地点最长。Culicoides newsteadi 的成虫季节较长，出现在秋季温暖、降水较多、绵羊数量较多的地点。在冬季积累 10°C 以上积温天数较多的地点，Culicoides pulicaris（Linnaeus）（双翅目：蠓科）的成虫期较长。这些结果表明，在西班牙，这四个分类群之间存在生态气候和季节性差异，这可能有助于确定每个特定物种具有适宜环境条件的地点，以评估该地区蓝舌病病毒爆发的风险。
