The use of path analysis to determine effects of environmental factors on the adult seasonality of (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) vector species in Spain.

biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are the main vectors of livestock diseases such as bluetongue (BT) which mainly affect sheep and cattle. In Spain, bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by several taxa, including , Obsoletus complex, and that vary in seasonality and distribution, affecting the distribution and dynamics of BT outbreaks. Path analysis is useful for separating direct and indirect, biotic and abiotic determinants of species' population performance and is ideal for understanding the sensitivity of adult dynamics to multiple environmental drivers. Start, end of season and length of overwintering of adult were analysed across 329 sites in Spain sampled from 2005 to 2010 during the National Entomosurveillance Program for BTV with path analysis, to determine the direct and indirect effects of land use, climate and host factor variables. taxa had species-specific responses to environmental variables. While the seasonality of adult was strongly affected by topography, temperature, cover of agro-forestry and sclerophyllous vegetation, rainfall, livestock density, photoperiod in autumn and the abundance of females, Obsoletus complex species seasonality was affected by land-use variables such as cover of natural grassland and broad-leaved forest. female abundance was the most explanatory variable for the seasonality of , while showed that temperature during winter and the photoperiod in November had a strong effect on the start of the season and the length of overwinter period of this species. These results indicate that the seasonal vector-free period (SVFP) in Spain will vary between competent vector taxa and geographic locations, dependent on the different responses of each taxa to environmental conditions.